--- - attributes: ~ caption: 'This map shows largely warmer temperatures (shades of red) in 2013 relative to average temperatures between 1981 and 2010. (Source: NOAA NCDC)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/land-ocean-temperature-anomalies-jan-dec-2013.yaml identifier: land-ocean-temperature-anomalies-jan-dec-2013 lat_max: 90 lat_min: -90 lon_max: 180 lon_min: -180 ordinal: 1 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: 'NOAA National Climatic Data Center, State of the Climate: Global Analysis for Annual 2013, published online January 2014, retrieved January 2015' submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2013-12-31T23:59:59 time_start: 2013-01-01T00:00:00 title: Land-Ocean Temperature Anomalies Jan-Dec 2013 uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/land-ocean-temperature-anomalies-jan-dec-2013 url: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201313 usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Technicians work on a NOAA buoy equipped with carbon dioxide sensors. Autonomous sensors like these have improved estimations of how much carbon is stored annually by the oceans. (Source: NOAA)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/measuring-carbon-dioxide-storage-ocean.yaml identifier: measuring-carbon-dioxide-storage-ocean lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: Retrieved from NOAA in March 2015 submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Measuring carbon dioxide storage by the ocean uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/measuring-carbon-dioxide-storage-ocean url: http://research.noaa.gov/InDepth/Features/CurrentFeature/TabId/728/ArtMID/1884/ArticleID/10499/Carbon-dioxide-in-the-tropical-Pacific-Ocean-is-increasing-faster-than-expected.aspx usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The observational campaign in the Amazon Basin measures key environmental variables, including light and temperature, that drive biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds from the canopy. (Source: NASA/JPL-Caltech)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/emissions-amazon-tropical-canopy.yaml identifier: emissions-amazon-tropical-canopy lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: Retrieved January 2015 from NASA JPL submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Emissions in the Amazon tropical canopy uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/emissions-amazon-tropical-canopy url: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-084 usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'This graph shows the number of days by which the start of spring in each year differs from the average start of spring during the 20th century. The spring of 2012 (circled) set a record for earliest start. (Source: Adapted from the USGCRP indicators pilot, with data from USA-NPN and NOAA NCDC)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/annual-start-spring-contiguous-united-states.yaml identifier: annual-start-spring-contiguous-united-states lat_max: 49.371742 lat_min: 24.545219 lon_max: -66.957802 lon_min: -124.762146 ordinal: 4 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: 'Adapted from Start of Spring, USGCRP indicators pilot' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Annual Start of Spring for the Contiguous United States uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/annual-start-spring-contiguous-united-states url: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/indicator-start-of-spring usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 satellite (above) was a landmark 2014 addition to the U.S. portfolio of Earth observing systems. (Source: NASA)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/orbiting-carbon-observatory.yaml identifier: orbiting-carbon-observatory lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: Artist's concept of the OCO-2. Created 2008. Retrieved from the NASA JPL PhotoJournal January 2015 submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Orbiting Carbon Observatory uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/orbiting-carbon-observatory url: 'http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/snt?subselect=Mission:Orbiting+Carbon+Observatory+(OCO):' usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The U.S. Climate Modeling Summit brought together representatives from the Nation’s major experimental and operational climate modeling programs. Above, Summit participants gather at the NOAA Center for Weather and Climate Prediction. (Source: NOAA)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: 2015-02-11T00:00:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/us-climate-modeling-summit.yaml identifier: us-climate-modeling-summit lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: 'Photo taken February 11, 2015. Retrieved March 2015 from NOAA Climate Program Office.' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: U.S. Climate Modeling Summit uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/us-climate-modeling-summit url: http://cpo.noaa.gov/AboutCPO/AllNews/TabId/315/ArtMID/668/ArticleID/198149/NOAA-hosted-first-annual-US-Climate-Modeling-Summit.aspx usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Green infrastructure projects, such as this stormwater planter, help to collect and absorb runoff, among other benefits. Local-level capacity and reliable cost-benefit information are needed to effectively incorporate such solutions into stormwater management. (Source: EPA)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/green-infrastructure-stormwater-management.yaml identifier: green-infrastructure-stormwater-management lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 7 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: Retrieved from EPA Water Green Infrastructure site January 2015 submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Green Infrastructure for Stormwater Management uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/green-infrastructure-stormwater-management url: http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/greeninfrastructure/index.cfm#tabs-3 usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'This map shows the number of total heat wave days per summer projected for the mid-21st century, as a factor of increase relative to the end of the 20th century (assuming a scenario of rapid economic growth driven by a balanced portfolio of energy sources). As the occurrence of extremely hot days increases with rising greenhouse gases, meteorologists and public health practitioners have an opportunity to work together to protect communities from heat-related hazards. (Source: NOAA Climate.gov)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/increase-total-heat-wave-days.yaml identifier: increase-total-heat-wave-days lat_max: 49.371742 lat_min: 24.545219 lon_max: -66.957802 lon_min: -124.762146 ordinal: 8 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: 'NOAA Climate.gov map by Dan Pisut and Richard Rivera, based on data provided by Mary Jo Nath and Gabriel Lau. Retrieved March 2015' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Increase in total heat wave days uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/increase-total-heat-wave-days url: https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/rising-greenhouse-gases-us-heat-waves-become-more-common-longer usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'In the summer of 2014, heavy monsoon rains combined with the arrival of meltwater from the Himalayas to cause unusually severe flooding in parts of Bangladesh (shown above: the flooded Brahmaputra River valley and Tanquar Haor wetlands). SERVIR’s flood forecasting system, which uses altimeter data from the Jason-2 satellite, accurately predicted the flooding eight days in advance and is now being expanded for nationwide operational use. (Source: NASA Terra-MODIS)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: 2014-08-29T00:00:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/flooding-bangladesh.yaml identifier: flooding-bangladesh lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 9 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: Image courtesy the MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC. Retrieved from NASA Earth Observatory February 2015 submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Flooding in Bangladesh uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/flooding-bangladesh url: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=84299 usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Federally coordinated regional science centers work individually and together on projects that support tangible outcomes in their regions. For example, Western Water Assessment (WWA, a NOAA RISA team) is partnering with the DOI North Central CSC on a collaboration also involving The Nature Conservancy and its regional partners in the Gunnison Basin, San Juan Mountains, and Four Corners areas. WWA scientists are producing narrative scenarios of future climate change that the regional partners can use to develop climate-adaptive strategies for land conservation—such as the sagebrush habitat restoration project shown above. (Source: B. Neely, The Nature Conservancy)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/sagebrush-habitat-restoration.yaml identifier: sagebrush-habitat-restoration lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 10 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: 'Photo taken in the Gunnison Basin, CO by Betsy Neely, The Nature Conservancy' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Sagebrush habitat restoration uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/sagebrush-habitat-restoration url: ~ usage_limits: 'Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. ' - attributes: ~ caption: The U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit features science-based resources and real-world case studies to help communities adapt to climate change. chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/us-climate-resilience-toolkit.yaml identifier: us-climate-resilience-toolkit lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 11 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: Screen capture taken by the USGCRP National Coordination Office from toolkit.climate.gov in January 2015 submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/us-climate-resilience-toolkit url: http://toolkit.climate.gov/ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Participants in a brainstorming activity consider approaches for evaluating the Third NCA. (Source: B. Golden-Chen, USGCRP NCO)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: 2014-06-20T00:00:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/nca-evaluation-workshop.yaml identifier: nca-evaluation-workshop lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 12 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: 'Photo taken by Bryce Golden-Chen, USGCRP NCO, on June 20, 2014, at the National Science Foundation (4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA)' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: NCA evaluation workshop uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/nca-evaluation-workshop url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Land cover change, such as the rapid urban expansion of Las Vegas shown above (left: 1992; right: 2013), interacts with climate change in complex ways. Scenarios can be used to understand and plan for the plausible permutations of these and other interacting processes in the Earth system. (Source: USGS Landsat)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/land-cover-change-nevada.yaml identifier: land-cover-change-nevada lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 13 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: 'Images collected by Landsat satellite on September 10, 1992 (left panel) and October 6, 2013 (right panel). Retrieved as a single image (panels not separated) in March 2015 from NASA Images of Change' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Land cover change in Nevada uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/land-cover-change-nevada url: 'http://climate.nasa.gov/state_of_flux#Western_Las_Vegas_930x370.jpg. ' usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'A farmer works a plot in Accra, Ghana. Agriculture in urban and peri-urban (or urban–rural transition) zones can contribute to food security for cities in the developing world, but UPA systems face pressure from the impacts of urbanization and climate change. (Source: R. Kahane, GlobalHort)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/urban-peri-urban-agriculture.yaml identifier: urban-peri-urban-agriculture lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 14 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: 'Photo taken by Remi Kahane (GlobalHort) in Accra, Ghana, in September 2012' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Urban and peri-urban agriculture uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/urban-peri-urban-agriculture url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Students gather around Science on a Sphere, an educational tool that displays and animates Earth data on a globe. The Climate Education and Literacy Initiative will harness innovative approaches like this one to build awareness and understanding among the American public. (Source: NOAA)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/science-sphere.yaml identifier: science-sphere lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 15 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: 'Science on a Sphere photo taken at the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Science on a Sphere uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/science-sphere url: http://sos.noaa.gov/What_is_SOS/index.html usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The educational guides are tailored to each region of the country shown above, as well as coasts and oceans. (Source: The Third National Climate Assessment, 2014)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/third-national-climate-assessment-map-regions.yaml identifier: third-national-climate-assessment-map-regions lat_max: 71.398048 lat_min: 18.913826 lon_max: -66.957802 lon_min: -179.133392 ordinal: 16 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Third National Climate Assessment: Map of Regions' uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/third-national-climate-assessment-map-regions url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Citizen science refers to the engagement of non-professional volunteers in scientific investigations—asking questions, collecting data, or interpreting results. This approach can be especially useful in tracking environmental changes. (Source: NPS)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/citizen-science.yaml identifier: citizen-science lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 17 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: Retrieved January 2015 from National Park Service wildland fire website on citizen science submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Citizen science uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/citizen-science url: http://www.nps.gov/fire/wildland-fire/learning-center/panoramic-lookout-photographs/citizen-science.cfm usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source.