---
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    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'Previous research has documented that individuals exposed to more stressors during disasters and their immediate aftermath (immediate stressors) are at risk of experiencing longer-term postdisaster stressors. Longer-term stressors, in turn, have been found to play a key role in shaping postdisaster psychological functioning. Few studies have simultaneously explored the links from immediate to longer-term stressors, and from longer-term stressors to psychological functioning, however. Additionally, studies have inadequately explored whether postdisaster psychological symptoms influence longer-term stressors. In the current study, we aimed to fill these gaps. Participants (N = 448) were from population-based study of Hurricane Ike survivors and completed assessments 2-5 months (Wave 1), 5-9 months (Wave 2) and 14-18 months (Wave 3) postdisaster. Through path analysis, we found that immediate stressors, assessed at Wave 1, were positively associated with Wave 2 and Wave 3 stressors, which in turn were positively associated with Wave 2 and Wave 3 posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Wave 2 posttraumatic stress symptoms were positively associated with Wave 3 stressors, and Wave 1 depressive symptoms were positively associated with Wave 2 stressors. The findings suggest that policies and interventions can reduce the impact of disasters on mental health by preventing and alleviating both immediate and longer-term postdisaster stressors.'
    Author: 'Lowe, S. R.; Tracy, M.; Cerda, M.; Norris, F. H.; Galea, S.'
    DOI: 10.1002/jts.21872
    Date: Dec
    ISSN: 1573-6598
    Issue: 6
    Journal: Journal of Traumatic Stress
    Keywords: 'Adult; Cyclonic Storms; Depression/*etiology/psychology; Female; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; *Models, Psychological; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*etiology/psychology; Stress, Psychological/*psychology; Survivors/*psychology; Time Factors'
    Language: eng
    Notes: '1573-6598 Lowe, Sarah R Tracy, Melissa Cerda, Magdalena Norris, Fran H Galea, Sandro K01 DA030449/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States P60 MH082598/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States P60MH082598/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States T32 MH013043/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States T32MH013043/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural United States J Trauma Stress. 2013 Dec;26(6):753-61. doi: 10.1002/jts.21872.'
    Pages: 753-761
    Title: Immediate and longer-term stressors and the mental health of Hurricane Ike survivors
    Volume: 26
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 18128
    _uuid: 0acc2713-8395-425c-b4ff-9754b7257048
    reftype: Journal Article
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    .reference_type: 0
    Author: "Galea, S.\rBrewin, C.R.\rGruber, M.\rJones, R.T.\rKing, D.W.\rKing, L.A.\rMcNally, R.J.\rUrsano, R.J.\rPetukhova, M.\rKessler, R.C."
    DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.12.1427
    ISSN: 0003-990X
    Issue: 12
    Journal: Archives of General Psychiatry
    Pages: 1427-1434
    Title: Exposure to hurricane-related stressors and mental illness after Hurricane Katrina
    URL: http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/data/Journals/PSYCH/11853/yoa70049_1427_1434.pdf
    Volume: 64
    Year: 2007
    _chapter: '["Ch. 9: Human Health FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 682
    _uuid: 0e71e17a-442f-46d8-b62f-cc3213f85208
    reftype: Journal Article
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    Abstract: 'OBJECTIVE: Multiple trajectories of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms are hypothesized following disaster in a number of theoretical perspectives. Increasingly, those with rapidly declining, transient, or stable low symptoms are defined as resilient. This article examines trajectories to understand acute reactions to disaster, and explores the need to define resilience as more than just symptom trajectories. METHODS: An urban school-based sample of youth exposed to both hurricanes Katrina and Gustav (n=141; grades 4 through 8) were assessed for PTS symptoms at 12 months and 6 months pre-Gustav (Times 1 and 2); and then again at 1 month post-Gustav (Time 3). RESULTS: Data indicated that there were significant decreases in mean PTS symptoms post-Gustav, but individual trajectories were identified consistent with theory. Whereas an ostensibly resilient group was identified (stable low symptoms), results suggest that the group was heterogeneous in terms of disaster experiences, and that those with low symptoms but relatively high Katrina disaster exposure had a unique coping style. CONCLUSIONS: Results provide prospective data to support theories of multiple trauma exposure trajectories, and highlight the importance of empirically identifying resilient youth in terms of both functioning and level of risk exposure in disaster samples.'
    Author: 'Weems, C. F.; Graham, R. A.'
    DOI: 10.1089/cap.2013.0042
    Date: Feb
    ISSN: 1557-8992
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology
    Keywords: '*Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Child; *Cyclonic Storms; *Disasters; Female; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology/etiology; Time Factors; Urban Population'
    Language: eng
    Notes: '1557-8992 Weems, Carl F Graham, Rebecca A Journal Article United States J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2014 Feb;24(1):2-8. doi: 10.1089/cap.2013.0042. Epub 2013 Nov 7.'
    Pages: 2-8
    Title: Resilience and trajectories of posttraumatic stress among youth exposed to disaster
    Volume: 24
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 18202
    _uuid: 11180485-b3b5-4d33-85df-be175655dcca
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1089/cap.2013.0042
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  uri: /reference/11180485-b3b5-4d33-85df-be175655dcca
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    Author: 'Kronenberg, Mindy E.; Hansel, Tonya Cross; Brennan, Adrianne M.; Osofsky, Howard J.; Osofsky, Joy D.; Lawrason, Beverly'
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01465.x
    ISSN: 0009-3920
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Child Development
    Pages: 1241-1259
    Title: 'Children of Katrina: Lessons learned about postdisaster symptoms and recovery patterns'
    Volume: 81
    Year: 2010
    _chapter: Ch8
    _record_number: 16362
    _uuid: 11ed1918-b422-41d3-b704-05d14e45b278
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01465.x
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    Abstract: "In October 2012, Bellevue Hospital Center (Bellevue) in New York City was temporarily closed as a result of Hurricane Sandy, the largest hurricane in US history. Bellevue's primary care office-based buprenorphine program was temporarily closed and later relocated to an affiliate public hospital. Previous research indicates that the relationships between disaster exposure, substance use patterns, psychiatric symptoms, and mental health services utilization is complex, with often conflicting findings regarding post-event outcomes (on the individual and community level) and antecedent risk factors. In general, increased use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs is associated with both greater disaster exposure and the development or exacerbation of other psychiatric symptoms and need for treatment. To date, there is limited published information regarding post-disaster outcomes among patients enrolled in office-based buprenorphine treatment, as the treatment modality has only been relatively approved recently. Patients enrolled in the buprenorphine program at the time of the storm were surveyed for self-reported buprenorphine adherence and illicit substance and alcohol use, as well as disaster-related personal consequences and psychiatric sequelae post-storm. Baseline demographic characteristics and insurance status were available from the medical record. Analysis was descriptive (counts and proportions) and qualitative, coding open-ended responses for emergent themes. There were 132 patients enrolled in the program at the time of the storm; of those, 91 were contacted and 89 completed the survey. Almost half of respondents reported disruption of their buprenorphine supply. Unexpectedly, patients with psychiatric comorbidity were no more likely to report increased use/relapse as a result. Rather, major risk factors associated with increased use or relapse post-storm were: (1) shorter length of time in treatment, (2) exposure to storm losses such as buprenorphine supply disruption, (3) a pre-storm history of red flag behaviors (in particular, repeat opioid-positive urines), and (4) new-onset post-storm psychiatric symptoms. Our findings highlight the relative resilience of buprenorphine as an office-based treatment modality for patients encountering a disaster with associated unanticipated service disruption. In responding to future disasters, triaging patient contact and priority based on a history of red-flag behaviors, rather than a history of psychiatric comorbidity, will likely optimize resource allocation, especially among recently enrolled patients. Additionally, patients endorsing new-onset psychiatric manifestations following disasters may be an especially high-risk group for poor outcomes, warranting further study."
    Author: 'Williams, A. R.; Tofighi, B.; Rotrosen, J.; Lee, J. D.; Grossman, E.'
    DOI: 10.1007/s11524-014-9866-7
    Date: Apr
    ISSN: 1468-2869
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Journal of Urban Health
    Keywords: 'Adult; Alcoholism/*drug therapy/epidemiology; Buprenorphine/*therapeutic use; Comorbidity; Cross-Sectional Studies; *Cyclonic Storms; *Disasters; Female; *Health Facility Closure; Humans; Male; Medication Adherence/statistics & numerical data; New York City; Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy/epidemiology; Retrospective Studies; Self Report; Stress, Psychological/*drug therapy/epidemiology'
    Language: eng
    Notes: '1468-2869 Williams, Arthur R Tofighi, Babak Rotrosen, John Lee, Joshua D Grossman, Ellie 5U10DA013035/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural United States J Urban Health. 2014 Apr;91(2):366-75. doi: 10.1007/s11524-014-9866-7.'
    Pages: 366-375
    Title: 'Psychiatric comorbidity, red flag behaviors, and associated outcomes among office-based buprenorphine patients following Hurricane Sandy'
    Volume: 91
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 18209
    _uuid: 1231497d-b014-4c16-abda-cb4e00b2b695
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s11524-014-9866-7
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    Author: 'Sastry, Narayan; VanLandingham, Mark'
    DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2009.174854
    ISSN: 1541-0048
    Issue: S3
    Journal: American Journal of Public Health
    Pages: S725-S731
    Title: 'One year later: Mental illness prevalence and disparities among New Orleans residents displaced by Hurricane Katrina'
    Volume: 99
    Year: 2009
    _chapter: Ch8
    _record_number: 16379
    _uuid: 1357006d-175e-4414-9793-761618338c8d
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.2105/ajph.2009.174854
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  uri: /reference/1357006d-175e-4414-9793-761618338c8d
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    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Norris, Fran H.; Sherrieb, Kathleen; Galea, Sandro'
    DOI: 10.1037/a0020195
    ISSN: 0090-5550
    Issue: 3
    Journal: Rehabilitation Psychology
    Pages: 221-230
    Title: Prevalence and consequences of disaster-related illness and injury from Hurricane Ike
    Volume: 55
    Year: 2010
    _chapter: Ch8
    _record_number: 16369
    _uuid: 15b8a671-4186-4cdb-aa80-d9e7012840e5
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1037/a0020195
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  uri: /reference/15b8a671-4186-4cdb-aa80-d9e7012840e5
- attrs:
    .publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Maida, Carl A; Gordon, Norma S; Steinberg, Alan; Gordon, Gail'
    DOI: 10.1007/BF00975765
    Date: 1989/01/01
    ISSN: 1573-6598
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Journal of Traumatic Stress
    Keywords: disaster; Baldwin Hills fire; post-traumatic stress; depression; loss
    Language: English
    Pages: 37-48
    Title: 'Psychosocial impact of disasters: Victims of the Baldwin Hills fire'
    Volume: 2
    Year: 1989
    _record_number: 18129
    _uuid: 1617ae90-36e2-48f5-b5ef-f5fb1aafb399
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/BF00975765
  href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/1617ae90-36e2-48f5-b5ef-f5fb1aafb399.yaml
  identifier: 1617ae90-36e2-48f5-b5ef-f5fb1aafb399
  uri: /reference/1617ae90-36e2-48f5-b5ef-f5fb1aafb399
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'OBJECTIVE: To evaluate mental health outcomes among New Jersey shore residents with health impairments and disabilities after Hurricane Sandy. DESIGN AND SETTING: Six months following Hurricane Sandy, a cross-sectional survey of 200 adults residing in beach communities directly exposed to the storm located in Monmouth County, NJ, was conducted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, mental health service use, and medication use. RESULTS: The average age of residents surveyed was 59 years (SD = 13.7) and 52.5 percent (95% CI = 45.5-59.4) reported recent hospitalizations, physical limitations, fair to poor health status, multiple chronic health conditions, or physical disabilities. A total of 14.5 percent (95% CI = 10.2-20.1) of residents screened positive for PTSD and 6.0 percent (95% CI = 3.1-10.2) met criteria for depression 6 months after Sandy. In addition, 20.5 percent (95% CI = 15.4-26.7) sought some type of professional counseling after Sandy and 30.5 percent (95% CI = 24.5-37.3) experienced PTSD symptoms, depression, sought professional mental health support, or used psychotropic medications. In multivariate analyses, the best predictors of mental health and service use were having sleep problems, suicidal thoughts, moderate or severe pain, and having high exposure hurricane-related events. Analyses also suggested that noncollege graduates were more likely to receive mental health services (OR = 3.10, p = 0.009), while women were less likely to have depression (OR = 0.12, p = 0.038). CONCLUSION: Having physical impairments and health conditions were not directly related to adverse mental health outcomes following Sandy, but having sleep problems, pain, or suicidal thoughts were. Further research is needed to assess the health status of community residents with serious health impairments over time following disasters.'
    Author: 'Boscarino, J. A.; Hoffman, S. N.; Adams, R. E.; Figley, C. R.; Solhkhah, R.'
    DOI: 10.5055/ajdm.2014.0147
    Date: Spring
    ISSN: 1932-149X
    Issue: 2
    Journal: American Journal of Disaster Medicine
    Keywords: 'Adult; Aged; *Cyclonic Storms; Depressive Disorder/*epidemiology; Disaster Planning/*organization & administration; Female; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Male; Mental Health Services/*organization & administration; Middle Aged; New Jersey/epidemiology; Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology; Stress, Psychological/*epidemiology; Vulnerable Populations/*psychology; Young Adult'
    Language: eng
    Notes: "Boscarino, Joseph A Hoffman, Stuart N Adams, Richard E Figley, Charles R Solhkhah, Ramon Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States Am J Disaster Med. 2014 Spring;9(2):107-20. doi: 10.5055/ajdm.2014.0147."
    Pages: 107-120
    Title: 'Mental health outcomes among vulnerable residents after Hurricane Sandy: Implications for disaster research and planning'
    Volume: 9
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 18062
    _uuid: 1a78f1ef-1f10-44b7-b040-b8109748255c
    reftype: Journal Article
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    Author: 'Wadsworth, Martha E.; Santiago, Catherine DeCarlo; Einhorn, Lindsey'
    DOI: 10.1080/10615800902855781
    ISSN: 1477-2205
    Issue: 4
    Journal: 'Anxiety, Stress & Coping'
    Pages: 413-432
    Title: 'Coping with displacement from Hurricane Katrina: Predictors of one-year post-traumatic stress and depression symptom trajectories'
    Volume: 22
    Year: 2009
    _chapter: Ch8
    _record_number: 16384
    _uuid: 3bc7615b-d281-4fd6-a367-c94022d367a8
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1080/10615800902855781
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    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Pietrzak, Robert H.; Tracy, Melissa; Galea, Sandro; Kilpatrick, Dean G.; Ruggiero, Kenneth J.; Hamblen, Jessica L.; Southwick, Steven M.; Norris, Fran H.'
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038964
    ISSN: 1932-6203
    Issue: 6
    Journal: PLoS ONE
    Pages: e38964
    Title: 'Resilience in the face of disaster: Prevalence and longitudinal course of mental disorders following Hurricane Ike'
    Volume: 7
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: Ch8
    _record_number: 16374
    _uuid: 4489b5a2-b658-4e62-8a8a-c3805b6dccf1
    reftype: Journal Article
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  uri: /reference/4489b5a2-b658-4e62-8a8a-c3805b6dccf1
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    Abstract: 'Hurricane Katrina was the most devastating natural disaster to hit the United States in the past 75 years. The authors conducted interviews of 810 persons who were representative of adult residents living in the 23 southernmost counties of Mississippi before Hurricane Katrina. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) since Hurricane Katrina was 22.5%. The determinants of PTSD were female gender, experience of hurricane-related financial loss, postdisaster stressors, low social support, and postdisaster traumatic events. Kaplan-Meier survival curves suggest that exposure to both hurricane-related traumatic events and to financial and social stressors influenced the duration of PTSD symptoms. Postdisaster interventions that aim to improve manipulable stressors after these events may influence the onset and course of PTSD.'
    Author: 'Galea, S.; Tracy, M.; Norris, F.; Coffey, S. F.'
    DOI: 10.1002/jts.20355
    Date: Aug
    ISSN: 1573-6598
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Journal of Traumatic Stress
    Keywords: 'Adolescent; Adult; Aged; *Disasters/economics; Female; Financing, Personal; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; Mississippi/epidemiology; *Social Support; Stress Disorders,; Post-Traumatic/economics/*epidemiology/etiology/*physiopathology; Survival/*psychology'
    Language: eng
    Notes: '1573-6598 Galea, Sandro Tracy, Melissa Norris, Fran Coffey, Scott F MH 078152/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural United States J Trauma Stress. 2008 Aug;21(4):357-68. doi: 10.1002/jts.20355.'
    Pages: 357-368
    Title: Financial and social circumstances and the incidence and course of PTSD in Mississippi during the first two years after Hurricane Katrina
    Volume: 21
    Year: 2008
    _record_number: 18092
    _uuid: 569a5671-661e-457c-aa75-8a221911ac26
    reftype: Journal Article
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    Abstract: 'This study examined the nature and determinants of longitudinal trajectories of disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in older persons affected by a large-magnitude disaster. Two hundred six adults age 60 or older (mean = 69, range = 60-92) who resided in the Galveston Bay area when Hurricane Ike struck in September 2008 completed telephone interviews an average of 3-, 6-, and 15-months after this disaster. Latent growth mixture modeling was employed to identify predominant trajectories of disaster-related PTSD symptoms over time; and pre-, peri-, and post-disaster determinants of these trajectories were then examined. A 3-class solution optimally characterized PTSD symptom trajectories, with the majority (78.7%) of the sample having low/no PTSD symptoms over all assessments (i.e., resistant); 16.0% having chronically elevated symptoms (i.e., chronic); and 5.3% having a delayed onset course of symptoms (i.e., delayed-onset). Lower education, greater severity of Hurricane Ike exposure (i.e., Ike-related physical illness or injury and high level of community destruction), and greater number of traumatic and stressful life events after Hurricane Ike, particularly financial problems, were associated with a chronic PTSD trajectory. Greater number of traumatic and stressful life events, particularly financial problems after Hurricane Ike, was also associated with a delayed-onset trajectory. These findings suggest that there are heterogeneous trajectories of disaster-related PTSD symptoms in older adults and that these trajectories have common and unique determinants. They also underscore the importance of prevention efforts designed to mitigate the deleterious effects of post-disaster stressors, most notably financial distress, in older persons affected by disasters.'
    Author: 'Pietrzak, R. H.; Van Ness, P. H.; Fried, T. R.; Galea, S.; Norris, F. H.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.12.005
    Date: Apr
    ISSN: 0022-3956
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Journal of Psychiatric Research
    Keywords: 'Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cyclonic Storms/economics/*statistics & numerical data; Disasters/economics/*statistics & numerical data; Female; Humans; Interviews as Topic/methods; *Life Change Events; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Sex Distribution; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/economics/epidemiology/*psychology; Texas/epidemiology'
    Language: eng
    Notes: "1879-1379 Pietrzak, Robert H Van Ness, Peter H Fried, Terri R Galea, Sandro Norris, Fran H 5 P60 MH082598/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States P30 AG021342/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States P30AG21342/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States P60 MH082598/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. England J Psychiatr Res. 2013 Apr;47(4):520-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.12.005. Epub 2013 Jan 4."
    Pages: 520-526
    Title: Trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in older persons affected by a large-magnitude disaster
    Volume: 47
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 18155
    _uuid: 5aff4109-04b3-4ac6-a945-58664490b6fe
    reftype: Journal Article
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    Abstract: "On October 29, 2012, Hurricane Sandy made landfall in the most densely populated region in the US. In New Jersey, thousands of families were made homeless and entire communities were destroyed in the worst disaster in the history of the state. The economic impact of Sandy was huge, comparable to Hurricane Katrina. The areas that sustained the most damage were the small- to medium-sized beach communities along New Jersey's Atlantic coastline. Six months following the hurricane, we conducted a random telephone survey of 200 adults residing in 18 beach communities located in Monmouth County. We found that 14.5% (95% CI = 9.9-20.2) of these residents screened positive for PTSD and 6.0% (95% CI = 3.1-10.2) met criteria for major depression. Altogether 13.5% (95% CI = 9.1-19.0) received mental health counseling and 20.5% (95% CI = 15.1-26.8) sought some type of mental health support in person or online, rates similar to those reported in New York after the World Trade Center disaster In multivariate analyses, the best predictors of mental health status and service use were having high hurricane exposure levels, having physical health limitations, and having environmental health concerns. Research is needed to assess the mental health status and service use of Jersey Shore residents over time, to evaluate environmental health concerns, and to better understand the storm's impact among those with physical health limitations."
    Author: 'Boscarino, J. A.; Hoffman, S. N.; Kirchner, H. L.; Erlich, P. M.; Adams, R. E.; Figley, C. R.; Solhkhah, R.'
    Issue: 3
    Journal: International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience
    Keywords: 'Adolescent; Adult; Aged; *Cyclonic Storms/statistics & numerical data; Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology/etiology; *Disasters/statistics & numerical data; Female; Health Services Needs and Demand/*statistics & numerical data; Humans; Male; *Mental Health/statistics & numerical data; Mental Health Services/*statistics & numerical data; Middle Aged; New Jersey/epidemiology; Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/*statistics & numerical data; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/etiology; Young Adult'
    Language: eng
    Notes: 'Boscarino, Joseph A Hoffman, Stuart N Kirchner, H Lester Erlich, Porat M Adams, Richard E Figley, Charles R Solhkhah, Ramon Journal Article United States Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2013;15(3):147-58.'
    Pages: 147-158
    Title: Mental health outcomes at the Jersey Shore after Hurricane Sandy
    URL: http://www.omicsonline.com/open-access/previousissue-international-journal-of-emergency-mental-health-and-human-resilience.pdf
    Volume: 15
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 18063
    _uuid: 7d8b53d6-8f6b-4933-a116-41f415292792
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/pmid-24558743
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    Author: "Kessler, R.C.\rGalea, S.\rGruber, M.J.\rSampson, N.A.\rUrsano, R.J.\rWessely, S."
    DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002119
    ISSN: 1359-4184
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Molecular Psychiatry
    Pages: 374-384
    Title: Trends in mental illness and suicidality after Hurricane Katrina
    URL: http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v13/n4/pdf/4002119a.pdf
    Volume: 13
    Year: 2008
    _chapter: '["Ch. 9: Human Health FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 1696
    _uuid: 8702da89-76d0-44e1-9eda-b04dc6a26385
    reftype: Journal Article
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    Abstract: "OBJECTIVE: Hurricane Katrina highlighted both the crucial role of first responders in times of disaster and the resultant stress on them and their families. The primary objective of this study was to describe the mental health status and symptoms of first responders in the New Orleans area. We further hypothesized that given the extent of the disaster and slowness of recovery, symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression would not decrease after the first-year anniversary of Hurricane Katrina. METHODS: A total of 1382 first responders, including respondents from police, fire, emergency medical services, and city workers, participated in this longitudinal study. The first screening was conducted between 6 and 9 months after Hurricane Katrina and the second round of data collection was conducted 13 to 18 months after the hurricane. A subsample of the respondents (n = 87) were matched at both time points, which allowed for paired sample comparisons. We measured all of the respondents' levels of traumatic experiences, alcohol use, partner conflict, requests for services, posttraumatic stress, and depression. RESULTS: More than one-quarter of the first responders reported the following traumatic experiences: witnessed injury or death (70%); damage to home (93%); injury to a friend (25%); and previous loss or trauma (30%). Data also revealed that at least 10% of the respondents had significant levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms; 25% of the participants reported significant levels of depression; and more than 40% reported increased alcohol use and conflict with partner (41%). A statistically significant decrease in the symptoms of posttraumatic stress or depression was not found within 18 months of Hurricane Katrina. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that the severity of the traumas experienced from both the impact of Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent recovery has important mental health implications for first responders. Reports of symptoms of anxiety or depression should be attended to so as to prevent increasing symptoms that could negatively affect the first responder and his or her family. These findings highlight the importance of not only providing mental health services for first responders but also having adequate plans in place before natural or technological disasters strike."
    Author: 'Osofsky, H. J.; Osofsky, J. D.; Arey, J.; Kronenberg, M. E.; Hansel, T.; Many, M.'
    DOI: 10.1001/dmp.2011.53
    Date: Sep
    ISSN: 1938-744X
    Issue: S2
    Journal: Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness
    Keywords: Adult; Aged; *Cyclonic Storms; *Disasters; Emergency Medical Technicians; *Emergency Responders; Firefighters; Health Status; Humans; *Mental Health; Middle Aged; Police
    Language: eng
    Notes: '1938-744x Osofsky, Howard J Osofsky, Joy D Arey, James Kronenberg, Mindy E Hansel, Tonya Many, Michele Journal Article United States Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2011 Sep;5 Suppl 2:S214-9. doi: 10.1001/dmp.2011.53. Epub 2011 Aug 24.'
    Pages: S214-S219
    Title: "Hurricane Katrina's first responders: The struggle to protect and serve in the aftermath of the disaster"
    Volume: 5
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 18151
    _uuid: 895a462d-2faa-44e3-a888-31efb349f44d
    reftype: Journal Article
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  uri: /reference/895a462d-2faa-44e3-a888-31efb349f44d
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    Author: 'Felton, Julia W.; Cole, David A.; Martin, Nina C.'
    DOI: 10.1037/a0029303
    ISSN: 0021-843X
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Journal of Abnormal Psychology
    Pages: 64-73
    Title: 'Effects of rumination on child and adolescent depressive reactions to a natural disaster: The 2010 Nashville flood'
    Volume: 122
    Year: 2013
    _chapter: Ch8
    _record_number: 16358
    _uuid: 89d2438b-bddd-4ded-8e17-1cf498b28571
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1037/a0029303
  href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/89d2438b-bddd-4ded-8e17-1cf498b28571.yaml
  identifier: 89d2438b-bddd-4ded-8e17-1cf498b28571
  uri: /reference/89d2438b-bddd-4ded-8e17-1cf498b28571
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    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Dai, A.'
    DOI: 10.1002/wcc.81
    ISSN: 1757-7799
    Issue: 1
    Journal: 'Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change'
    Pages: 45-65
    Title: 'Drought under global warming: A review'
    Volume: 2
    Year: 2011
    _chapter: '["Ch. 18: Midwest FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 545
    _uuid: 8abc0ed4-9d56-40bf-8995-35313552618c
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1002/wcc.81
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  identifier: 8abc0ed4-9d56-40bf-8995-35313552618c
  uri: /reference/8abc0ed4-9d56-40bf-8995-35313552618c
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    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: "BACKGROUND: There are no studies of the distinct trajectories of children's psychological distress over the first year after a destructive natural disaster and the determinants of these trajectories. OBJECTIVE: We examined these issues using an existing dataset of children exposed to Hurricane Andrew, one of the most devastating natural disasters in US history. METHODS: At 3-months postdisaster, 568 children (55 % girls; grades 3-5) residing in areas most directly affected by the hurricane completed measures of hurricane exposure and stressors, social support, coping, and general anxiety. Children also reported major life events occurring since the hurricane (at 7-months) and posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms at 3-, 7-, and 10-months postdisaster. RESULTS: Latent growth mixture modeling identified three trajectories of PTS reactions: resilient (37 %), recovering (43 %), and chronic distress (20 %). Predictors of the trajectories were examined. Odds ratios indicated that, compared to the resilient trajectory, girls were more likely to be in the recovering and chronically distressed trajectories, as were children reporting higher anxiety and greater use of coping strategies that reflected poor emotion regulation. Compared to the recovering trajectory, children in the chronically distressed trajectory had greater odds of reporting high anxiety, less social support, more intervening life events, and greater use of poor emotion regulation strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Hurricane exposure may be less effective in identifying children who develop chronic postdisaster distress than other child (anxiety, coping) and contextual variables (social support, life events). Effective screening after disasters is critical for identifying youth most in need of limited clinical resources."
    Author: 'La Greca, A. M.; Lai, B. S.; Llabre, M. M.; Silverman, W. K.; Vernberg, E. M.; Prinstein, M. J.'
    DOI: 10.1007/s10566-013-9206-1
    Date: Aug 1
    ISSN: 1573-3319
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Child & Youth Care Forum
    Keywords: Children; Natural disasters; Posttraumatic stress; Resilience; Trajectories; Trauma
    Language: Eng
    Notes: 'La Greca, Annette M Lai, Betty S Llabre, Maria M Silverman, Wendy K Vernberg, Eric M Prinstein, Mitchell J T32 HD007510/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States Journal article Child Youth Care Forum. 2013 Aug 1;42(4):351-369.'
    Pages: 351-369
    Title: "Children's postdisaster trajectories of PTS symptoms: Predicting chronic distress"
    Volume: 42
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 18118
    _uuid: 9047c320-e8cb-4429-920d-b2d2d7f01ffc
    reftype: Journal Article
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    Author: 'Ruggiero, Kenneth J.; Gros, Kirstin; McCauley, Jenna L.; Resnick, Heidi S.; Morgan, Mark; Kilpatrick, Dean G.; Muzzy, Wendy; Acierno, Ron'
    DOI: 10.1001/dmp.2012.7
    ISSN: 1938-744X
    Issue: 01
    Journal: Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness
    Pages: 26-32
    Title: Mental health outcomes among adults in Galveston and Chambers counties after Hurricane Ike
    Volume: 6
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: Ch8
    _record_number: 16378
    _uuid: 9502bb11-b920-48a6-a4ae-c6453a55d3a7
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1001/dmp.2012.7
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  identifier: 9502bb11-b920-48a6-a4ae-c6453a55d3a7
  uri: /reference/9502bb11-b920-48a6-a4ae-c6453a55d3a7
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    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Mills, Lisa D.; Mills, Trevor J.; Macht, Marlow; Levitan, Rachel; De Wulf, Annelies; Afonso, Natasha S.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.06.124
    ISSN: 0736-4679
    Issue: 1
    Journal: The Journal of Emergency Medicine
    Pages: 76-82
    Title: Post-traumatic stress disorder in an emergency department population one year after Hurricane Katrina
    Volume: 43
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: Ch8
    _record_number: 17727
    _uuid: 97358ea1-2cd7-4dcf-a444-cbe7cd2e9cf0
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.06.124
  href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/97358ea1-2cd7-4dcf-a444-cbe7cd2e9cf0.yaml
  identifier: 97358ea1-2cd7-4dcf-a444-cbe7cd2e9cf0
  uri: /reference/97358ea1-2cd7-4dcf-a444-cbe7cd2e9cf0
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 9
    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9742-5
    ISBN: 978-1-4419-9741-8
    Number of Pages: 220
    Place Published: New York
    Publisher: Springer-Verlag
    Title: 'Climate Change and Human Well-being: Global Challenges and Opportunities'
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 18047
    _uuid: a7957dc8-1ead-4328-8250-a695f5f62c30
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /book/ff08562c-49aa-4b2f-b7be-aaf93d86487b
  href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/a7957dc8-1ead-4328-8250-a695f5f62c30.yaml
  identifier: a7957dc8-1ead-4328-8250-a695f5f62c30
  uri: /reference/a7957dc8-1ead-4328-8250-a695f5f62c30
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Self-Brown, Shannon; Lai, Betty S.; Thompson, Julia E.; McGill, Tia; Kelley, Mary Lou'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.002
    ISSN: 0165-0327
    Issue: 1-3
    Journal: Journal of Affective Disorders
    Pages: 198-204
    Title: Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom trajectories in Hurricane Katrina affected youth
    Volume: 147
    Year: 2013
    _chapter: Ch8
    _record_number: 16381
    _uuid: a8e44cff-cd49-46f4-a54c-7a365097cbdf
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.002
  href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/a8e44cff-cd49-46f4-a54c-7a365097cbdf.yaml
  identifier: a8e44cff-cd49-46f4-a54c-7a365097cbdf
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    Abstract: "OBJECTIVE: We investigated the influence of hurricane exposure, stressors occurring during the hurricane and recovery period, and social support on children's persistent posttraumatic stress (PTS). METHOD: Using a 2-wave, prospective design, we assessed 384 children (54% girls; mean age = 8.74 years) 9 months posthurricane, and we reassessed 245 children 21 months posthurricane. Children completed measures of exposure experiences, social support, hurricane-related stressors, life events, and PTS symptoms. RESULTS: At Time 1, 35% of the children reported moderate to very severe levels of PTS symptoms; at Time 2, this reduced to 29%. Hurricane-related stressors influenced children's persistent PTS symptoms and the occurrence of other life events, which in turn also influenced persistent PTS symptoms. The cascading effects of hurricane stressors and other life events disrupted children's social support over time, which further influenced persistent PTS symptoms. Social support from peers buffered the impact of disaster exposure on children's PTS symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of a destructive hurricane on children's PTS symptoms persisted almost 2 years after the storm. The factors contributing to PTS symptoms are interrelated in complex ways. The findings suggest a need to close the gap between interventions delivered in the immediate and short-term aftermath and those delivered 2 years or more postdisaster. Such interventions might focus on helping children manage disaster-related stressors and other life events as well as bolstering children's support systems."
    Author: 'La Greca, A. M.; Silverman, W. K.; Lai, B.; Jaccard, J.'
    DOI: 10.1037/a0020775
    Date: Dec
    ISSN: 1939-2117
    Issue: 6
    Journal: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
    Keywords: 'Child; Cluster Analysis; *Cyclonic Storms; Disasters; Female; Humans; *Life Change Events; Male; Models, Psychological; Prospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index; *Social Support; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*psychology; Stress, Psychological/*psychology'
    Language: eng
    Notes: "1939-2117 La Greca, Annette M Silverman, Wendy K Lai, Betty Jaccard, James Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States J Consult Clin Psychol. 2010 Dec;78(6):794-805. doi: 10.1037/a0020775."
    Pages: 794-805
    Title: "Hurricane-related exposure experiences and stressors, other life events, and social support: Concurrent and prospective impact on children's persistent posttraumatic stress symptoms"
    Volume: 78
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 18119
    _uuid: a95f121c-2fa2-4d4a-affe-576dad344217
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1037/a0020775
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