@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix gcis: <http://data.globalchange.gov/gcis.owl#> .
@prefix cito: <http://purl.org/spar/cito/> .
@prefix biro: <http://purl.org/spar/biro/> .

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/air-quality-impacts/finding/worsened-allergy-asthma-conditions>
   dcterms:identifier "worsened-allergy-asthma-conditions";
   gcis:findingNumber "3.3"^^xsd:string;
   gcis:findingStatement "Changes in climate, specifically rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, are expected to contribute to increases in the levels of some airborne allergens and associated increases in asthma episodes and other allergic illnesses [High Confidence]."^^xsd:string;
   gcis:isFindingOf <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/air-quality-impacts>;
   gcis:isFindingOf <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016>;

## Properties of the finding:
   gcis:findingProcess "The chapter was developed through technical discussions of relevant evidence and expert deliberation by the report authors at several workshops, teleconferences, and email exchanges. The authors considered inputs and comments submitted by the public, the National Academies of Sciences, and Federal agencies. For additional information on the overall report process, see Appendices <a href=\"https://health2016.globalchange.gov/node/103\">2</a>&ndash;<a href=\"https://health2016.globalchange.gov/node/104\">3</a>. <br/><br/> In addition, the author team held an all-day meeting at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Center for Environmental Assessment in Crystal City, Virginia, on October 15, 2014, to discuss the chapter and develop initial drafts of the Key Findings. A quorum of the authors participated and represented each of the three sections of the chapter&mdash;outdoor air quality, aeroallergens, and indoor air quality. These discussions were informed by the results of the literature review as well as the research highlights focused on outdoor air quality and indoor air quality. The team developed Key Finding 2 in response to comments from the National Research Council review panel and the general public. <br/><br/> The Key Findings for outdoor ozone, wildfires, and aeroallergen impacts reflect strong empirical evidence linking changes in climate to these outcomes. When characterizing the human health impacts from outdoor ozone, the team considered the strength of the toxicological, clinical, and epidemiological evidence evaluated in the Ozone Integrated Science Assessment. Because there is increasing evidence that climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of wildfire events, this outcome was included as a key finding, despite the inability to quantify this impact with the available tools and data. Because altered patterns of precipitation and increasing levels of CO<sub>2</sub> are anticipated to promote the level of aeroallergens, this outcome is also included as a Key Finding. Finally, because the empirical evidence linking climate change to indoor air quality was more equivocal, we identified this topic as an emerging issue."^^xsd:string;
   
   gcis:descriptionOfEvidenceBase "There is a large body of evidence supporting the observation that climate change will alter the production, allergenicity, distribution, and timing of aeroallergens. Historical trends show that climate change has led to changes in the length of the growing season for certain allergenic pollens. Climate change also contributes to changes in allergic illnesses as greater concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub>, together with higher temperatures and changes in precipitation, extend the start or duration of the growing season, increase the quantity and allergenicity of pollen, and expand the spatial distribution of pollens. While the role of weather on the initiation or exacerbation of allergic symptoms in sensitive persons is not entirely understood, increases in intensity and frequency of rainfall and storminess over the coming decades is expected to be associated with spikes in aeroallergen concentrations and the potential for related increases in the number and severity of allergic illnesses. <br/><br/> These changes in exposure to aeroallergens contribute to the severity and prevalence of allergic disease in humans. Given that aeroallergen exposure is not the sole, or even necessarily the most significant, factor associated with allergic illnesses, that relationship is part of a complex pathway that links exposure to aeroallergens to the prevalence of allergic illnesses. There is consistent and robust evidence that aeroallergen exposure contributes significantly to the occurrence of asthma episodes, hay fever, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, hives, and anaphylaxis. There is also compelling evidence that allergic diseases develop in response to complex and multiple interactions among both genetic and non-genetic factors, including a developing immune system, environmental exposures (such as ambient air pollution or weather conditions), and socioeconomic and demographic factors. Finally, there is evidence that potential non-linear interactions between aeroallergens and ambient air pollutants is likely to increase health risks for people who are simultaneously exposed."^^xsd:string;
   
   gcis:assessmentOfConfidenceBasedOnEvidence "The scientific literature suggests that there is <b>high confidence</b> that changes in climate, including rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, will affect the concentration, allergenicity, season length, and spatial distribution of a number of aeroallergens, and these changes are expected to impact the prevalence of some allergic diseases, including asthma attacks."^^xsd:string;
   
   gcis:newInformationAndRemainingUncertainties "The interrelationships between climate variability and change and exposure to aeroallergens are complex. Where they exist, differences in findings from across the relevant scientific literature may be due to study designs, references to certain species of pollen, geographic characteristics, climate variables, and degree of allergy sensitization. There are also uncertainties with respect to the role of climate change and the extent and nature of its effects as they contribute to aeroallergen-related diseases, especially asthma. Existing uncertainties can be addressed through the development of standardized approaches for measuring exposures and tracking outcomes across a range of allergic illnesses, vulnerable populations, and geographic proximity to exposures."^^xsd:string;

   a gcis:Finding .

## This finding cites the following entities:


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   cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1053/rmed.2001.1112>;
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