--- - attributes: ~ caption: "Reduced June flows in many Northwest snow-fed rivers is a signature of warming in basins that\r\n have a significant snowmelt contribution. The fraction of annual flow occurring in June increased slightly in rain-dominated\r\n coastal basins and decreased in mixed rain-snow basins and snowmelt-dominated basins over the period 1948 to\r\n 2008.cc98a8b5-74b3-4df2-8961-7799768da2ed The high flow period is in June for most\r\n Northwest river basins; decreases in summer flows can make it more difficult to meet a variety of competing human and natural\r\n demands for water. (Figure source: adapted from Fritze et al.\r\n 2011cc98a8b5-74b3-4df2-8961-7799768da2ed)." chapter_identifier: northwest create_dt: 2012-10-28T13:20:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/northwest/figure/observed-shifts-in-streamflow-timing.yaml identifier: observed-shifts-in-streamflow-timing lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'adapted from Fritze et al. 2011cc98a8b5-74b3-4df2-8961-7799768da2ed' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Observed Shifts in Streamflow Timing uri: /report/nca3/chapter/northwest/figure/observed-shifts-in-streamflow-timing url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/northwest/graphics/observed-shifts-streamflow-timing usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "(Left) Projected increased winter flows and decreased summer flows in many Northwest rivers will cause widespread impacts. Mixed rain-snow watersheds, such as the Yakima River basin, an important agricultural area in eastern Washington, will see increased winter flows, earlier spring peak flows, and decreased summer flows in a warming climate. Changes in average monthly streamflow by the 2020s, 2040s, and 2080s (as compared to the period 1916 to 2006) indicate that the Yakima River basin could change from a snow-dominant to a rain-dominant basin by the 2080s under the A1B emissions scenario (with eventual reductions from current rising emissions trends). (Figure source: adapted from Elsner et al. 2010).f05b7c3d-51e4-4a58-ae86-c684b3682dd4\r\n\r\n\t(Right) Natural surface water availability during the already dry late summer period is projected to decrease across most of the Northwest. The map shows projected changes in local runoff (shading) and streamflow (colored circles) for the 2040s (compared to the period 1915 to 2006) under the same scenario as the left figure (A1B).e51238d0-cf6c-4cea-88a6-8d61df7e8e3d Streamflow reductions such as these would stress freshwater fish species (for instance, endangered salmon and bull trout) and necessitate increasing tradeoffs among conflicting uses of summer water. Watersheds with significant groundwater contributions to summer streamflow may be less responsive to climate change than indicated here.4f07c4b9-ff00-4d78-8433-3c94ef2eb6db" chapter_identifier: northwest create_dt: 2014-04-15T11:53:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/northwest/figure/future-shift-in-timing-of-stream-flows-reduced-summer-flows.yaml identifier: future-shift-in-timing-of-stream-flows-reduced-summer-flows lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Future Shift in Timing of Stream Flows Reduced Summer Flows uri: /report/nca3/chapter/northwest/figure/future-shift-in-timing-of-stream-flows-reduced-summer-flows url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/regions/northwest/graphics/future-shift-timing-streamflows usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Projected relative sea level rise for the latitude of Newport, Oregon (relative to the year 2000) is based on a broader suite of emissions scenarios (ranging from B1 to A1FI) and a more detailed and regionally-focused calculation than those generally used in this assessment (see Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate).ecf211c8-9abc-46ce-bf79-4a12099b02df The blue area shows the range of relative sea level rise, and the black line shows the projection, which incorporates global and regional effects of warming oceans, melting land ice, and vertical land movements.ecf211c8-9abc-46ce-bf79-4a12099b02df Given the difficulty of assigning likelihood to any one possible trajectory of sea level rise at this time, a reasonable risk assessment would consider multiple scenarios within the full range of possible outcomes shown, in conjunction with long- and short-term compounding effects, such as El Niño-related variability and storm surge. (Data from NRC 2012ecf211c8-9abc-46ce-bf79-4a12099b02df).' chapter_identifier: northwest create_dt: 2013-08-06T14:13:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/northwest/figure/projected-relative-sea-level-rise-for-the-latitude-of-newport-or.yaml identifier: projected-relative-sea-level-rise-for-the-latitude-of-newport-or lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'NRC 2012ecf211c8-9abc-46ce-bf79-4a12099b02df' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Projected Relative Sea Level Rise for the Latitude of Newport, OR' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/northwest/figure/projected-relative-sea-level-rise-for-the-latitude-of-newport-or url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/northwest/graphics/projected-relative-sea-level-rise-latitude-newport-oregon usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Areas of Seattle projected by Seattle Public Utilities to be below sea level during high tide\r\n (Mean Higher High Water) and therefore at risk of flooding or inundation are shaded in blue under three levels of sea level\r\n rise,6ed217d6-4e42-49bd-ba0a-80e8df462b45 assuming no adaptation. (High [50 inches] and\r\n medium [13 inches] levels are within the range projected for the Northwest by 2100; the highest level [88 inches] includes the\r\n compounding effect of storm surge, derived from the highest observed historical tide in\r\n Seattlefd73d381-d3df-4079-b48d-20027a7ba63b). Unconnected inland areas shown to be below\r\n sea level may not be inundated, but could experience problems due to areas of standing water caused by a rise in the water\r\n table and drainage pipes backed up with seawater. (Figure source: Seattle Public\r\n Utilities7fdde2b7-0a3a-4f98-8434-c4040a41f3ac)." chapter_identifier: northwest create_dt: 2013-11-18T11:42:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/northwest/figure/rising-sea-levels-and-changing-flood-risks-in-seattle.yaml identifier: rising-sea-levels-and-changing-flood-risks-in-seattle lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Seattle Public Utilities7fdde2b7-0a3a-4f98-8434-c4040a41f3ac' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Rising Sea Levels and Changing Flood Risks in Seattle uri: /report/nca3/chapter/northwest/figure/rising-sea-levels-and-changing-flood-risks-in-seattle url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/northwest/graphics/rising-sea-levels-and-changing-flood-risks-seattle usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "In Washington’s Nisqually River Delta, estuary restoration on a large scale to assist\r\n salmon and wildlife recovery provides an example of adaptation to climate change and sea level rise. After a century of\r\n isolation behind dikes (left), much of the Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge was reconnected with tidal flow in 2009 by\r\n removal of a major dike and restoration of 762 acres (right), with the assistance of Ducks Unlimited and the Nisqually Indian\r\n Tribe. This reconnected more than 21 miles of historical tidal channels and floodplains with Puget\r\n Sound.57ade57f-f478-4008-882f-9e46fd08ae2d A new exterior dike was constructed to protect\r\n freshwater wetland habitat for migratory birds from tidal inundation and future sea level rise. Combined with expansion of the\r\n authorized Refuge boundary, ongoing acquisition efforts to expand the Refuge will enhance the ability to provide diverse\r\n estuary and freshwater habitats despite rising sea level, increasing river floods, and loss of estuarine habitat elsewhere in\r\n Puget Sound. This project is considered a major step in increasing estuary habitat and recovering the greater Puget Sound\r\n estuary. (Photo credits: (left) Jesse Barham, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; (right) Jean Takekawa, U.S. Fish and Wildlife\r\n Service)." chapter_identifier: northwest create_dt: 2013-11-18T11:47:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/northwest/figure/adapting-the-nisqually-river-delta-to-sea-level-rise.yaml identifier: adapting-the-nisqually-river-delta-to-sea-level-rise lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: '(left) Jesse Barham, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; (right) Jean Takekawa, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Adapting the Nisqually River Delta to Sea Level Rise uri: /report/nca3/chapter/northwest/figure/adapting-the-nisqually-river-delta-to-sea-level-rise url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/northwest/graphics/adapting-nisqually-river-delta-sea-level-rise usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Forest mortality due to fire and insect activity is already evident in the Northwest.\r\n Continued changes in climate in coming decades are expected to increase these effects. Trees killed by a fire (left side of\r\n watershed) and trees killed by mountain pine beetle and spruce beetle infestations (orange and gray patches, right side of\r\n watershed) in subalpine forest in the Pasayten Wilderness, Okanogan Wenatchee National Forest, Washington, illustrates how\r\n cumulative disturbances can affect forests. (Photo credit: Jeremy Littell, USGS)." chapter_identifier: northwest create_dt: 2013-11-18T11:50:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/northwest/figure/forest-mortality.yaml identifier: forest-mortality lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Forest mortality uri: /report/nca3/chapter/northwest/figure/forest-mortality url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/northwest/graphics/forest-mortality usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: '(Top) Insects and fire have cumulatively affected large areas of the Northwest and are projected to be the dominant drivers of forest change in the near future. Map shows areas recently burned (1984 to 2008)6a3ce882-e3f6-47c6-a9ae-dacb25c45e7f,93ae895c-ab04-4801-bb47-ac963c7311c1 or affected by insects or disease (1997 to 2008).380d02ac-7dd7-49d6-8dc9-3c4a9b989061 (Middle) Map indicates the increases in area burned that would result from the regional temperature and precipitation changes associated with a 2.2°F global warminge6181014-644e-4d56-ada8-1d0443307a51 across areas that share broad climatic and vegetation characteristics.a60c82f3-709d-4de2-a3c6-9b0fcb62e410 Local impacts will vary greatly within these broad areas with sensitivity of fuels to climate.a30d550d-f0d3-4e76-a494-24b746cce0ed (Bottom) Projected changes in the probability of climatic suitability for mountain pine beetles for the period 2001 to 2030 (relative to 1961 to 1990), where brown indicates areas where pine beetles are projected to increase in the future and green indicates areas where pine beetles are expected to decrease in the future. Changes in probability of survival are based on climate-dependent factors important in beetle population success, including cold tolerance,0a78dcff-b2b2-4bed-b176-3628489645ad spring precipitation,3a5064c4-6ed0-455d-8e9c-9b470d0eed91 and seasonal heat accumulation.6cebef1a-87a8-4554-87d3-3ba18107dc04,703f4c0b-a9f3-4393-ad55-e26a62fa5a95' chapter_identifier: northwest create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/northwest/figure/insects-and-fire-in-northwest-forests.yaml identifier: insects-and-fire-in-northwest-forests lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 7 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Insects and Fire in Northwest Forests uri: /report/nca3/chapter/northwest/figure/insects-and-fire-in-northwest-forests url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/regions/northwest/graphics/insects-and-fire-northwest-forests usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Northern latitudes are warming faster than more temperate regions, and Alaska has already warmed much faster\r\n than the rest of the country. Maps show changes in temperature, relative to 1971-1999, projected for Alaska in the early,\r\n middle, and late parts of this century, if heat-trapping gas (also known as greenhouse gas) emissions\r\n continue to increase (higher emissions, A2), or are substantially reduced (lower emissions, B1). (Figure source: adapted from\r\n Stewart et al. 20139b6a0a32-dd39-41bb-9983-d54209a1da4a)." chapter_identifier: alaska create_dt: 2013-11-12T09:37:29 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/figure/alaska-will-continue-to-warm-rapidly.yaml identifier: alaska-will-continue-to-warm-rapidly lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'adapted from Stewart et al. 20139b6a0a32-dd39-41bb-9983-d54209a1da4a' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Alaska Will Continue to Warm Rapidly uri: /report/nca3/chapter/alaska/figure/alaska-will-continue-to-warm-rapidly url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/alaska/graphics/alaska-will-continue-warm-rapidly usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Average September extent of Arctic sea ice in 1980 (second year of satellite record and year of greatest\r\n September sea ice extent; outer red boundary), 1998 (about halfway through the time series; outer pink boundary) and 2012\r\n (recent year of record and year of least September sea ice extent; outer white boundary). September is typically the month when\r\n sea ice is least extensive. Inset is the complete time series of average September sea ice extent (1979-2013). (Figure\r\n source: NSIDC 2012; Data from Fetterer et al. 20135ca69fe1-86e2-48e2-acc4-363efaf4402a)." chapter_identifier: alaska create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/figure/declining-sea-ice-extent.yaml identifier: declining-sea-ice-extent lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'NSIDC 2012; Data from Fetterer et al. 20135ca69fe1-86e2-48e2-acc4-363efaf4402a' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Declining Sea Ice Extent uri: /report/nca3/chapter/alaska/figure/declining-sea-ice-extent url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/alaska/graphics/declining-sea-ice-extent usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Reductions in sea ice alter food availability for many species from polar bear to walrus, make hunting less\r\n safe for Alaska Native hunters, and create more accessibility for Arctic Ocean marine transport, requiring more Coast Guard\r\n coverage.(Photo credits: (top left) G. Carleton Ray; (bottom left) Daniel Glick;\r\n (right) Patrick Kelley)." chapter_identifier: alaska create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/figure/sea-ice-loss-brings-big-changes-to-arctic-life.yaml identifier: sea-ice-loss-brings-big-changes-to-arctic-life lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Sea Ice Loss Brings Big Changes to Arctic Life uri: /report/nca3/chapter/alaska/figure/sea-ice-loss-brings-big-changes-to-arctic-life url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/alaska/graphics/sea-ice-loss-brings-big-changes-arctic-life usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Residents in Newtok, Alaska are living with the effects of climate change, with thawing permafrost, tilting\r\n houses, sinking boardwalks, in conjunction with aging fuel tanks and other infrastructure that cannot be replaced because of\r\n laws that prevent public investment in flood-prone localities. (Photo credit: F. S. Chapin III)." chapter_identifier: alaska create_dt: 2013-11-14T11:47:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/figure/newtok-alaska.yaml identifier: newtok-alaska lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Newtok, Alaska' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/alaska/figure/newtok-alaska url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/alaska/graphics/newtok-alaska usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Projections for average annual ground temperature at a depth of 3.3 feet over time if emissions of heat-trapping gases continue to grow (higher emissions scenario, A2), and if they are substantially reduced (lower emissions scenario, B1). Blue shades represent areas below freezing at a depth of 3.3 feet, and yellow and red shades represent areas above freezing at that depth, based on the GIPL 1.0 model. (Figure source: Permafrost Lab, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks).' chapter_identifier: alaska create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/figure/the-big-thaw.yaml identifier: the-big-thaw lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Permafrost Lab, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: The Big Thaw uri: /report/nca3/chapter/alaska/figure/the-big-thaw url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/regions/alaska/graphics/big-thaw usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Effects of permafrost thaw on houses in interior Alaska (2001, top left), roads in eastern Alaska (1982, top\r\n right), and the estimated costs (with and without climate change) of replacing public infrastructure in\r\n Alaska, assuming a mid-range emissions scenario (A1B, with some decrease from current emissions growth trends).\r\n (Photo credits: (top left) Larry Hinzman; (top right) Joe Moore. Figure source: adapted from Larsen and Goldsmith\r\n 2007ce0047f3-9e08-42d7-a6cd-11299bc5a829)." chapter_identifier: alaska create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/figure/mounting-expenses-from-permafrost-thawing.yaml identifier: mounting-expenses-from-permafrost-thawing lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: '(top left) Larry Hinzman; (top right) Joe Moore. Figure source: adapted from Larsen and Goldsmith 2007ce0047f3-9e08-42d7-a6cd-11299bc5a829' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Mounting Expenses from Permafrost Thawing uri: /report/nca3/chapter/alaska/figure/mounting-expenses-from-permafrost-thawing url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/alaska/graphics/mounting-expenses-permafrost-thawing usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Progressive drying of lakes in northern forest wetlands in the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.\r\n Foreground orange area was once a lake. Mid-ground lake once extended to the shrubs. (Photo credit: May-Le Ng)." chapter_identifier: alaska create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/figure/drying-lakes-and-changing-habitat.yaml identifier: drying-lakes-and-changing-habitat lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 7 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Drying Lakes and Changing Habitat uri: /report/nca3/chapter/alaska/figure/drying-lakes-and-changing-habitat url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/alaska/graphics/drying-lakes-and-changing-habitat usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "One effect of the reduction in Alaska sea ice is that storm surges that used to be buffered by the ice are now\r\n causing more shoreline damage. Photos show infrastructure damage from coastal erosion in Tuntutuliak (left) and Shishmaref,\r\n Alaska (right). (Photo credits: (left) Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation; (right) Ned Rozell)." chapter_identifier: alaska create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/figure/alaska-coastal-communities-damaged.yaml identifier: alaska-coastal-communities-damaged lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 8 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: (left) Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation; (right) Ned Rozell submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Alaska Coastal Communities Damaged uri: /report/nca3/chapter/alaska/figure/alaska-coastal-communities-damaged url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/alaska/graphics/alaska-coastal-communities-damaged usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The U.S. Pacific Islands region includes our 50th state, Hawai‘i, as well as the Territories of Guam, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), the Republic of Palau (RP), the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). Citizens of Guam and CNMI are U.S. citizens, and citizens of American Samoa are U.S. nationals. Through the Compacts of Free Association, citizens of RP, FSM, and RMI have the right to travel to the U.S. without visas to maintain “habitual residence” and to pursue education and employment. The map shows three sub-regions used in this assessment and the islands that comprise the Pacific Remote Islands National Monument. Shaded areas indicate each island’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (Figure source: Keener et al. 20127350d7b3-6e95-4375-ba23-26756b441fc2).' chapter_identifier: hawaii create_dt: 2013-11-14T13:41:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/hawaii/figure/us-pacific-islands-region.yaml identifier: us-pacific-islands-region lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Keener et al. 20127350d7b3-6e95-4375-ba23-26756b441fc2' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: U.S. Pacific Islands Region uri: /report/nca3/chapter/hawaii/figure/us-pacific-islands-region url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/hawaii-and-pacific-islands/graphics/us-pacific-islands-region usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The Pacific Islands include “high” volcanic islands, such as that on the left, that reach nearly 14,000 feet above sea level, and “low” atolls and islands, such as that on the right, that peak at just a few feet above present sea level. (Left) Ko‘olau Mountains on the windward side of Oahu, Hawai‘i (Photo credit: kstrebor via Flickr.com). (Right) Laysan Island, Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (Photo credit: Andy Collins, NOAA).' chapter_identifier: hawaii create_dt: 2013-11-12T11:17:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/hawaii/figure/high-and-low-pacific-islands-face-different-threats.yaml identifier: high-and-low-pacific-islands-face-different-threats lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: “High” and “Low” Pacific Islands Face Different Threats uri: /report/nca3/chapter/hawaii/figure/high-and-low-pacific-islands-face-different-threats url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/hawaii-and-pacific-islands/graphics/%E2%80%9Chigh%E2%80%9D-and-%E2%80%9Clow%E2%80%9D-pacific-islands-face-different usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Ocean waters have already become more acidic from absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. As this absorption lowers pH, it reduces the amount of calcium carbonate, which is critical for many marine species to reproduce and grow. Maps show projections of the saturation state of aragonite (the form of calcium carbonate used by coral and many other species) if CO2 levels were stabilized at 380 ppm (a level that has already been exceeded), 450 ppm (middle map), and 500 ppm (bottom map), corresponding approximately to the years 2005, 2030, and 2050, assuming a decrease in emissions from the current trend (scenario A1B). As shown on the maps, many areas that are adequate will become marginal. Higher emissions will lead to many more places where aragonite concentrations are “marginal” or “extremely marginal” in much of the Pacific. (Figure source: Burke et al. 20113d9112b9-6aa1-4614-9599-6966c9591ef9).' chapter_identifier: hawaii create_dt: 2013-11-12T13:54:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/hawaii/figure/increased-acidification-decreases-suitable-coral-habitat.yaml identifier: increased-acidification-decreases-suitable-coral-habitat lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Burke et al. 20113d9112b9-6aa1-4614-9599-6966c9591ef9' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Increased Acidification Decreases Suitable Coral Habitat uri: /report/nca3/chapter/hawaii/figure/increased-acidification-decreases-suitable-coral-habitat url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/hawaii-and-pacific-islands/graphics/increased-acidification-decreases-suitable-coral usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Islands in the western reaches of the Pacific Ocean are getting slightly more rainfall than in the past, while islands more to the east are getting drier (measured in change in inches of monthly rainfall per decade over the period 1950-2010). Darker blue shading indicates that conditions are wetter, while darker red shading indicates drier conditions. The size of the dot is proportional to the size of the trend on the inset scale. (Figure source: Keener et al. 20127350d7b3-6e95-4375-ba23-26756b441fc2).' chapter_identifier: hawaii create_dt: 2013-11-14T14:03:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/hawaii/figure/observed-changes-in-annual-rainfall-in-the-western-north-pacific.yaml identifier: observed-changes-in-annual-rainfall-in-the-western-north-pacific lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Observed Changes in Annual Rainfall in the Western North Pacific uri: /report/nca3/chapter/hawaii/figure/observed-changes-in-annual-rainfall-in-the-western-north-pacific url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/hawaii-and-pacific-islands/graphics/observed-changes-annual-rainfall-western-north usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Warming at high elevations could alter the distribution of native plants and animals in mountainous ecosystems and increase the threat of invasive species. The threatened, endemic ‘ahinahina, or Haleakalā silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense subsp. macrocephalum), shown here in full bloom on Maui, Hawaiian Islands, is one example. (Photo credit: Forest and Kim Starr).' chapter_identifier: hawaii create_dt: 2013-11-13T14:25:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/hawaii/figure/native-plants-at-risk.yaml identifier: native-plants-at-risk lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Native Plants at Risk uri: /report/nca3/chapter/hawaii/figure/native-plants-at-risk url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/hawaii-and-pacific-islands/graphics/native-plants-risk usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Taro crops destroyed by encroaching saltwater at Lukunoch Atoll, Chuuk State, FSM. Giant swamp taro is a staple crop in Micronesia that requires a two- to three-year growing period from initial planting to harvest. After a saltwater inundation from a storm surge or very high tide, it may take two years of normal rainfall to flush brackish water from a taro patch, resulting in a five-year gap before the next harvest if no further saltwater intrusion takes place. (Photo credit: John Quidachay, USDA Forest Service).' chapter_identifier: hawaii create_dt: 2013-11-12T13:52:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/hawaii/figure/saltwater-intrusion-destroys-crops.yaml identifier: saltwater-intrusion-destroys-crops lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Saltwater Intrusion Destroys Crops uri: /report/nca3/chapter/hawaii/figure/saltwater-intrusion-destroys-crops url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/hawaii-and-pacific-islands/graphics/saltwater-intrusion-destroys-crops usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Residents of places like the Namdrik Atoll in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, with a land area of just 1.1 square miles and a maximum elevation of 10 feet, may be among the first to face the possibility of climate change induced human migration as sea level continues to rise. (Photo credit: Darren Nakata).' chapter_identifier: hawaii create_dt: 2012-11-06T12:09:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/hawaii/figure/residents-of-lowlying-islands-at-risk.yaml identifier: residents-of-lowlying-islands-at-risk lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 7 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Residents of Low-lying Islands at Risk uri: /report/nca3/chapter/hawaii/figure/residents-of-lowlying-islands-at-risk url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/hawaii-and-pacific-islands/graphics/residents-low-lying-islands-risk usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Map shows large variations across the Pacific Ocean in sea level trends for 1993-2010. The largest sea level increase has been observed in the western Pacific. (Figure source: adapted from Merrifield 2011ef9a0ca6-0996-46b5-aed6-fff7e8f9a1bd by permission of American Meteorological Society).' chapter_identifier: hawaii create_dt: 2013-11-12T14:02:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/hawaii/figure/higher-sea-level-rise-in-western-pacific.yaml identifier: higher-sea-level-rise-in-western-pacific lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 8 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: adapted from Merrifield 2011ef9a0ca6-0996-46b5-aed6-fff7e8f9a1bd by permission of American Meteorological Society submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Higher Sea Level Rise in Western Pacific uri: /report/nca3/chapter/hawaii/figure/higher-sea-level-rise-in-western-pacific url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/regions/hawaii/graphics/higher-sea-level-rise-western-pacific usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Sea surface temperatures for the ocean surrounding the U.S. and its territories have warmed by more than 0.9°F over the past century (top panel). There is significant variation from place to place, with the ocean off the coast of Alaska, for example, warming far more rapidly than other areas (bottom panel). The gray shading on the map denotes U.S. land territory and the regions where the U.S. has rights over the exploration and use of marine resources, as defined by the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). (Figure source: adapted from Chavez et al. 2011d17a7c52-86c2-4dfc-9328-d6e3df410daf).' chapter_identifier: oceans-marine-resources create_dt: 2013-10-22T13:06:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/oceans-marine-resources/figure/observed-ocean-warming.yaml identifier: observed-ocean-warming lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'adapted from Chavez et al. 2011d17a7c52-86c2-4dfc-9328-d6e3df410daf' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Observed Ocean Warming uri: /report/nca3/chapter/oceans-marine-resources/figure/observed-ocean-warming url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/oceans/graphics/observed-ocean-warming usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source.