--- - attributes: ~ caption: "The Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin in Georgia exemplifies a place where many water uses are in\r\n conflict, and future climate change is expected to exacerbate this\r\n conflict.47f6b2ff-a48f-4b48-899d-a901424bf5b2 The basin drains 19,600 square miles in\r\n three states and supplies water for multiple, often competing, uses, including irrigation, drinking water and other municipal\r\n uses, power plant cooling, navigation, hydropower, recreation, and ecosystems. Under future climate change, this basin is\r\n likely to experience more severe water supply shortages, more frequent emptying of reservoirs, violation of environmental flow\r\n requirements (with possible impacts to fisheries at the mouth of the Apalachicola), less energy\r\n generation, and more competition for remaining water. Adaptation options include changes in reservoir storage and release\r\n procedures and possible phased expansion of reservoir\r\n capacity.47f6b2ff-a48f-4b48-899d-a901424bf5b2,7259bc2b-d0aa-460b-b37a-79a11a386e00,412047fe-33cf-49b8-b714-f1a7b096cd43\r\n Additional adaptation options could include water conservation and demand management. (Figure source:\r\n Georgakakos et al. 201047f6b2ff-a48f-4b48-899d-a901424bf5b2)." chapter_identifier: southeast create_dt: 2013-11-18T16:25:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southeast/figure/a-southeast-river-basin-under-stress.yaml identifier: a-southeast-river-basin-under-stress lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 12 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Georgakakos et al. 201047f6b2ff-a48f-4b48-899d-a901424bf5b2' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: A Southeast River Basin Under Stress uri: /report/nca3/chapter/southeast/figure/a-southeast-river-basin-under-stress url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/southeast/graphics/southeast-river-basin-under-stress usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Annual average temperatures (red line) across the Midwest show a trend towards increasing temperature. The trend (heavy black line) calculated over the period 1895-2012 is equal to an increase of 1.5°F. (Figure source: updated from Kunkel et al. 201395f2ea7d-12e3-4ed5-9247-7cf139db91a9).' chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2013-06-28T11:36:15 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/temperatures-are-rising-in-the-midwest.yaml identifier: temperatures-are-rising-in-the-midwest lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'updated from Kunkel et al. 201395f2ea7d-12e3-4ed5-9247-7cf139db91a9' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Temperatures are Rising in the Midwest uri: /report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/temperatures-are-rising-in-the-midwest url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/midwest/graphics/temperatures-are-rising-midwest usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Projected increase in annual average temperatures by mid-century (2041-2070) as compared to the 1971-2000 period tell only part of the climate change story. Maps also show annual projected increases in the number of the hottest days (days over 95°F), longer frost-free seasons, and an increase in cooling degree days, defined as the number of degrees that a day’s average temperature is above 65°F, which generally leads to an increase in energy use for air conditioning. Projections are from global climate models that assume emissions of heat-trapping gases continue to rise (A2 scenario). (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2013-11-19T16:16:52 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/projected-midcentury-temperature-changes-in-the-midwest.yaml identifier: projected-midcentury-temperature-changes-in-the-midwest lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Mid-Century Temperature Changes in the Midwest uri: /report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/projected-midcentury-temperature-changes-in-the-midwest url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/regions/midwest/graphics/projected-climate-change usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Crop yields are very sensitive to temperature and rainfall. They are especially sensitive to high temperatures during the pollination and grain filling period. For example, corn (left) and soybean (right) harvests in Illinois and Indiana, two major producers, were lower in years with average maximum summer (June, July, and August) temperatures higher than the average from 1980 to 2007. Most years with below-average yields are both warmer and drier than normal.9c3f871b-4405-4d6b-bf56-439b678f7025,3dccc6c2-6a42-49ef-990b-853a220a28f4 There is high correlation between warm and dry conditions during Midwest summers9f976ed6-c1dd-437d-aaf9-062bca25bbc9 due to similar meteorological conditions and drought-caused changes.2ad99c76-b8df-4faa-b52e-095bb4094cab (Figure source: Mishra and Cherkauer 20109c3f871b-4405-4d6b-bf56-439b678f7025).' chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2013-11-14T14:43:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/crop-yields-decline-under-higher-temperatures.yaml identifier: crop-yields-decline-under-higher-temperatures lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Mishra and Cherkauer 20109c3f871b-4405-4d6b-bf56-439b678f7025' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Crop Yields Decline under Higher Temperatures uri: /report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/crop-yields-decline-under-higher-temperatures url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/agriculture/graphics/crop-yields-decline-under-higher-temperatures usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "As climate changes, species can often adapt by changing their ranges. Maps show current and projected future\r\n distribution of habitats for forest types in the Midwest under two emissions scenarios, a lower scenario that assumes\r\n reductions in heat-trapping gas emissions (B1), and a very high scenario that assumes continued increases in emissions (A1FI).\r\n Habitats for white/red/jack pine, maple/beech/birch, spruce/fir, and aspen/birch forests are projected to greatly decline from\r\n the northern forests, especially under higher emissions scenarios, while various oak forest types are projected to\r\n expand.fb94e3f2-7687-4d1b-9fdb-b7e2dc8bce84 While some forest types may not remain\r\n dominant, they will still be present in reduced quantities. Therefore, it is more appropriate to assess changes on an\r\n individual species basis, since all species within a forest type will not exhibit equal responses to climate change. (Figure source: Prasad et al. 2007fb94e3f2-7687-4d1b-9fdb-b7e2dc8bce84)." chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2013-11-14T14:47:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/forest-composition-shifts.yaml identifier: forest-composition-shifts lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Prasad et al. 2007fb94e3f2-7687-4d1b-9fdb-b7e2dc8bce84' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Forest Composition Shifts uri: /report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/forest-composition-shifts url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/midwest/graphics/forest-composition-shifts usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Annual reduction in the number of premature deaths and annual change in the number of cases with acute respiratory symptoms due to reductions in particulate matter and ozone caused by reducing automobile exhaust. The maps project health benefits if automobile trips shorter than five miles (round-trip) were eliminated for the 11 largest metropolitan areas in the Midwest. Making 50% of these trips by bicycle just during four summer months would save 1,295 lives and yield savings of more than $8 billion per year from improved air quality, avoided mortality, and reduced health care costs for the upper Midwest alone. (Figure source: Grabow et al. 2012; reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives4feed3ba-a773-445b-a97d-383477321352).' chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2013-09-10T08:56:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/reducing-emissions-improving-health.yaml identifier: reducing-emissions-improving-health lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Grabow et al. 2012; reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives4feed3ba-a773-445b-a97d-383477321352' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Reducing Emissions, Improving Health' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/reducing-emissions-improving-health url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/midwest/graphics/reducing-emissions-improving-health usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Precipitation patterns affect many aspects of life, from agriculture to urban storm drains. These maps show projected changes for the middle of the current century (2041-2070) relative to the end of the last century (1971-2000) across the Midwest under continued emissions (A2 scenario). Top left: the changes in total annual average precipitation. Across the entire Midwest, the total amount of water from rainfall and snowfall is projected to increase. Top right: increase in the number of days with very heavy precipitation (top 2% of all rainfalls each year). Bottom left: increases in the amount of rain falling in the wettest 5-day period over a year. Both (top right and bottom left) indicate that heavy precipitation events will increase in intensity in the future across the Midwest. Bottom right: change in the average maximum number of consecutive days each year with less than 0.01 inches of precipitation. An increase in this variable has been used to indicate an increase in the chance of drought in the future. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2014-02-05T10:28:18 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/when-it-rains-it-pours.yaml identifier: when-it-rains-it-pours lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'When it Rains, it Pours' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/when-it-rains-it-pours url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/midwest/graphics/when-it-rains-it-pours usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Bars show decade averages of annual maximum Great Lakes ice coverage from the winter of 1962-1963, when reliable coverage of the entire Great Lakes began, to the winter of 2012-2013. Bar labels indicate the end year of the winter; for example, 1963-1972 indicates the winter of 1962-1963 through the winter of 1971-1972. The most recent period includes the eleven years from 2003 to 2013. (Data updated from Bai and Wang, 2012334caaf0-faab-4f7f-8086-c1b216a3b371).' chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2013-11-01T09:16:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/midwest-ice-cover-in-the-great-lakes.yaml identifier: midwest-ice-cover-in-the-great-lakes lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 7 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Ice Cover in the Great Lakes uri: /report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/midwest-ice-cover-in-the-great-lakes url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/regions/midwest/graphics/great-lakes-ice-cover-decline usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The region has a distinct north-south gradient in average temperature patterns (left), with a hotter south and colder north. For precipitation (right), the regional gradient runs west-east, with a wetter east and a much drier west. Averages shown here are for the period 1981-2010. (Figure source: adapted from Kunkel et al. 2013994416dc-705b-4063-b8f5-bd3ed21d4a71).' chapter_identifier: great-plains create_dt: 2013-11-14T13:24:44 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/temperature-and-precipitation-distribution-in-the-great-plains.yaml identifier: temperature-and-precipitation-distribution-in-the-great-plains lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'adapted from Kunkel et al. 2013994416dc-705b-4063-b8f5-bd3ed21d4a71' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Temperature and Precipitation Distribution in the Great Plains uri: /report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/temperature-and-precipitation-distribution-in-the-great-plains url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/great-plains/graphics/temperature-and-precipitation-distribution-great-plains usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The number of days with the hottest temperatures is projected to increase dramatically. The historical (1971-2000) distribution of temperature for the hottest 2% of days (about seven days each year) echoes the distinct north-south gradient in average temperatures. However, by mid-century (2041-2070), the projected change in number of days exceeding those hottest temperatures is greatest in the western areas and Gulf Coast for both the lower emissions scenario (B1) and for the higher emissions scenario (A2). (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: great-plains create_dt: 2013-11-12T10:40:39 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/projected-change-in-number-of-hot-days.yaml identifier: projected-change-in-number-of-hot-days lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Change in Number of Hot Days uri: /report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/projected-change-in-number-of-hot-days url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/great-plains/graphics/projected-change-number-hot-days usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The number of nights with the warmest temperatures is projected to increase dramatically. The historical (1971-2000) distribution of temperature for the warmest 2% of nights (Top: about seven days each year) echoes the distinct north-south gradient in average temperatures. By mid-century (2041-2070), the projected change in number of nights exceeding those warmest temperatures is greatest in the south for both the lower emissions scenario (B1) and for the higher emissions scenario (A2). (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: great-plains create_dt: 2013-11-12T10:43:08 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/projected-change-in-number-of-warm-nights.yaml identifier: projected-change-in-number-of-warm-nights lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Change in Number of Warm Nights uri: /report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/projected-change-in-number-of-warm-nights url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/great-plains/graphics/projected-change-number-warm-nights usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The number of days with the heaviest precipitation is not projected to change dramatically. The historical (1971-2000) distribution of the greatest 2% of daily precipitation (Top: about seven days each year) echoes the regional east-west gradient in average precipitation. By mid-century (2041-2070), the projected change in days exceeding those precipitation amounts remains greatest in the northern area for both the lower emissions scenario (B1) and for the higher emissions scenario (A2). (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: great-plains create_dt: 2013-11-12T10:46:39 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/projected-change-in-number-of-heavy-precipitation-days.yaml identifier: projected-change-in-number-of-heavy-precipitation-days lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Change in Number of Heavy Precipitation Days uri: /report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/projected-change-in-number-of-heavy-precipitation-days url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/great-plains/graphics/projected-change-number-heavy-precipitation-days usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Current regional trends of a drier south and a wetter north are projected to become more pronounced by mid-century (2041-2070 as compared to 1971-2000 averages). Maps show the maximum annual number of consecutive days in which limited (less than 0.01 inches) precipitation was recorded on average from 1971 to 2000 (top), projected changes in the number of consecutive dry days assuming substantial reductions in emissions (B1), and projected changes if emissions continue to rise (A2). The southeastern Great Plains, which is the wettest portion of the region, is projected to experience large increases in the number of consecutive dry days. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: great-plains create_dt: 2013-11-18T14:28:37 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/projected-change-in-number-of-consecutive-dry-days.yaml identifier: projected-change-in-number-of-consecutive-dry-days lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Change in Number of Consecutive Dry Days uri: /report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/projected-change-in-number-of-consecutive-dry-days url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/great-plains/graphics/projected-change-number-consecutive-dry-days usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Irrigation in western Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas supports crop development in semiarid areas. Declining aquifer levels threaten the ability to maintain production. Some aquifer-dependent regions, like southeastern Nebraska, have seen steep rises in irrigated farmland, from around 5% to more than 40%, during the period shown. (Figure source: reproduced from Atlas of the Great Plains by Stephen J. Lavin, Clark J. Archer, and Fred M. Shelley by permission of the University of Nebraska. Copyright 2011 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska78ea39e1-a79d-4219-aa6c-7681d3dde246).' chapter_identifier: great-plains create_dt: 2013-11-14T13:32:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/increases-in-irrigated-farmland-in-the-great-plains.yaml identifier: increases-in-irrigated-farmland-in-the-great-plains lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'reproduced from Atlas of the Great Plains by Stephen J. Lavin, Clark J. Archer, and Fred M. Shelley by permission of the University of Nebraska. Copyright 2011 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska78ea39e1-a79d-4219-aa6c-7681d3dde246' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Increases in Irrigated Farmland in the Great Plains uri: /report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/increases-in-irrigated-farmland-in-the-great-plains url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/great-plains/graphics/increases-irrigated-farmland-great-plains usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Comparing estimates of Greater Sage Grouse distribution from before settlement of the area (light green: prior\r\n to about 1800) with the current range (dark green: 2000) shows fragmentation of the sagebrush habitat required by this species.\r\n Over the last century, the sagebrush ecosystem has been altered by fire, invasion by new plant species, and conversion of land\r\n to agriculture, causing a decline in Sage Grouse populations. (Figure source: adapted from Aldridge et al.\r\n 2008.7c7085fc-ad53-4b51-8fa1-8856ae91c411 Photo credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,\r\n Wyoming Ecological Services)." chapter_identifier: great-plains create_dt: 2013-11-12T10:48:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/historical-and-current-range-of-sage-grouse-habitat.yaml identifier: historical-and-current-range-of-sage-grouse-habitat lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 7 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'adapted from Aldridge et al. 2008.7c7085fc-ad53-4b51-8fa1-8856ae91c411 Photo credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wyoming Ecological Services' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Historical and Current Range of Sage Grouse Habitat uri: /report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/historical-and-current-range-of-sage-grouse-habitat url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/great-plains/graphics/historical-and-current-range-sage-grouse-habitat usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Demographic shifts continue to reshape communities in the Great Plains, with many\r\n central Great Plains communities losing residents. Rural and tribal communities will face additional\r\n challenges in dealing with climate change impacts due to demographic changes in the region (Ch. 14: Rural Communities; Ch. 12:\r\n Indigenous Peoples). Figure shows population change from 2000 to 2010. (Figure source: U.S. Census Bureau\r\n 2010469b861d-c8cb-49dd-839e-e68646ac8ba7)." chapter_identifier: great-plains create_dt: 2013-11-12T11:04:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/population-change-in-the-great-plains.yaml identifier: population-change-in-the-great-plains lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 8 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'U.S. Census Bureau 2010469b861d-c8cb-49dd-839e-e68646ac8ba7' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Population Change in the Great Plains uri: /report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/population-change-in-the-great-plains url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/great-plains/graphics/population-change-great-plains usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Tribal populations in the Great Plains are concentrated near large\r\n reservations, like various Sioux tribes in South Dakota and Blackfeet and Crow reservations in Montana; and in Cherokee,\r\n Chickasaw, Choctaw, and other tribal lands in Oklahoma (Figure source: reproduced from Atlas of the Great Plains by Stephen J.\r\n Lavin, Clark J. Archer, and Fred M. Shelley by permission of the University of Nebraska. Copyright 2011 by the Board of Regents\r\n of the University of Nebraska78ea39e1-a79d-4219-aa6c-7681d3dde246)." chapter_identifier: great-plains create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/tribal-populations-in-the-great-plains.yaml identifier: tribal-populations-in-the-great-plains lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 9 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'reproduced from Atlas of the Great Plains by Stephen J. Lavin, Clark J. Archer, and Fred M. Shelley by permission of the University of Nebraska. Copyright 2011 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska78ea39e1-a79d-4219-aa6c-7681d3dde246' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Tribal Populations in the Great Plains uri: /report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/tribal-populations-in-the-great-plains url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/great-plains/graphics/tribal-populations-great-plains usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'In 2011, cities including Houston, Dallas, Austin, Oklahoma City, and Wichita, among others, all set records for the highest number of days recording temperatures of 100°F or higher in those cities’ recorded history. The black circles denote the location of observing stations recording 100°F days. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC 20126c80afef-61e7-4017-b926-f4a11f6faa2d).' chapter_identifier: great-plains create_dt: 2012-09-24T14:25:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/days-above-100f-in-summer-2011.yaml identifier: days-above-100f-in-summer-2011 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 10 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'NOAA NCDC 20126c80afef-61e7-4017-b926-f4a11f6faa2d' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Days Above 100ºF in Summer 2011 uri: /report/nca3/chapter/great-plains/figure/days-above-100f-in-summer-2011 url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/great-plains/graphics/days-above-100%C2%BAf-summer-2011 usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Maps show projected changes in average, as compared to 1971-1999. Top row shows\r\n projections assuming heat-trapping gas emissions continue to rise (A2). Bottom row shows projections assuming substantial\r\n reductions in emissions (B1). (Figure source: adapted from Kunkel et al.\r\n 2013966bf116-8d6d-41f2-96be-4b66d3e729db)." chapter_identifier: southwest create_dt: 2013-09-19T12:38:58 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/figure/projected-temperature-increases.yaml identifier: projected-temperature-increases lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'adapted from Kunkel et al. 2013966bf116-8d6d-41f2-96be-4b66d3e729db' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Temperature Increases uri: /report/nca3/chapter/southwest/figure/projected-temperature-increases url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/southwest/graphics/projected-temperature-increases usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Snow water equivalent (SWE) refers to the amount of water held in a\r\n volume of snow, which depends on the density of the snow and other factors. Figure shows projected snow water equivalent for\r\n the Southwest, as a percentage of 1971-2000, assuming continued increases in global emissions (A2 scenario). The size of bars\r\n is in proportion to the amount of snow each state contributes to the regional total; thus, the bars for Arizona are much\r\n smaller than those for Colorado, which contributes the most to region-wide snowpack. Declines in peak SWE are strongly\r\n correlated with early timing of runoff and decreases in total runoff. For watersheds that depend on snowpack to provide\r\n the majority of the annual runoff, such as in the Sierra Nevada and in the Upper Colorado and Upper Rio\r\n Grande River Basins, lower SWE generally translates to reduced reservoir water storage. (Data from\r\n Scripps Institution of Oceanography)." chapter_identifier: southwest create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/figure/projected-snow-water-equivalent.yaml identifier: projected-snow-water-equivalent lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Snow Water Equivalent uri: /report/nca3/chapter/southwest/figure/projected-snow-water-equivalent url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/water-supply/graphics/projected-snow-water-equivalent usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Major shifts in how electricity is produced can lead to large reductions in heat-trapping gas emissions. Shown is an illustrative scenario in which different energy combinations could, by 2050, achieve an 80% reduction of heat-trapping gas emissions from 1990 levels in the electricity sector in the Southwest. For each state, that mix varies, with the circle representing the average hourly generation in megawatts (the number above each circle) from 10 potential energy sources. CCS refers to carbon capture and storage. (Data from Wei et al. 2012, 2013ec3c0821-5258-4ddc-a904-0b216554e9cc,0733dc3f-1365-42f3-898e-bffd91746f09).' chapter_identifier: southwest create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/figure/scenario-for-greenhouse-gas-emissions-in-the-electricity-sector.yaml identifier: scenario-for-greenhouse-gas-emissions-in-the-electricity-sector lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Wei et al. 2012, 2013ec3c0821-5258-4ddc-a904-0b216554e9cc,0733dc3f-1365-42f3-898e-bffd91746f09' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Scenario for Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Electricity Sector uri: /report/nca3/chapter/southwest/figure/scenario-for-greenhouse-gas-emissions-in-the-electricity-sector url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/regions/southwest/graphics/selected-responses usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The frost-free season is defined as the period between the last occurrence of 32°F in spring and the first occurrence of 32°F in the subsequent fall. The chart shows significant increases in the number of consecutive frost-free days per year in the past three decades compared to the 1901-2010 average. Increased frost-free season length, especially in already hot and moisture-stressed regions like the Southwest, is projected to lead to further heat stress on plants and increased water demands for crops. Higher temperatures and more frost-free days during winter can lead to early bud burst or bloom of some perennial plants, resulting in frost damage when cold conditions occur in late spring (see Ch. 6: Agriculture); in addition, with higher winter temperatures, some agricultural pests can persist year-round, and new pests and diseases may become established.4442506b-fbba-41ea-9cef-1eac88ce2049 (Figure source: Hoerling et al. 2013c9075dbc-f7c8-4d85-b534-e97282562b3e).' chapter_identifier: southwest create_dt: 2013-11-18T16:32:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/figure/longer-frostfree-season-increases-stress-on-crops.yaml identifier: longer-frostfree-season-increases-stress-on-crops lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Hoerling et al. 2013c9075dbc-f7c8-4d85-b534-e97282562b3e' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Longer Frost-free Season Increases Stress on Crops uri: /report/nca3/chapter/southwest/figure/longer-frostfree-season-increases-stress-on-crops url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/regions/southwest/graphics/longer-frost-free-season-increases-stress-crops usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "King tides, which typically happen twice a year as a result of a gravitational alignment of the sun, moon, and\r\n Earth, provide a preview of the risks rising sea levels may present along California coasts in the future. While king tides are\r\n the extreme high tides today, with projected future sea level rise, this level of water and flooding will occur during regular\r\n monthly high tides. During storms and future king tides, more coastal flooding and damage will occur. The King Tide Photo Initiative encourages the public to visually document the impact of rising waters on the California\r\n coast, as exemplified during current king tide events. Photos show water levels along the Embarcadero in San Francisco,\r\n California during relatively normal tides (top), and during an extreme high tide or “king tide” (bottom). (Photo\r\n credit: Mark Johnsson)." chapter_identifier: southwest create_dt: 2013-11-18T16:38:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/figure/coastal-risks-posed-by-sea-level-rise-and-high-tides.yaml identifier: coastal-risks-posed-by-sea-level-rise-and-high-tides lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Coastal Risks Posed by Sea Level Rise and High Tides uri: /report/nca3/chapter/southwest/figure/coastal-risks-posed-by-sea-level-rise-and-high-tides url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/southwest/graphics/coastal-risks-posed-sea-level-rise-and-high-tides usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The projected increase in heat waves in Southwest cities (Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate, Key Message 7) increases the chances that a chain of escalating effects could lead to serious increases in illness and death due to heat stress. The top of the figure provides some of the links in that chain, while the bottom of the figure provides adaptation and improved governance options that can reduce this vulnerability and improve the resilience of urban infrastructure and community residents.' chapter_identifier: southwest create_dt: 2014-02-21T11:56:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/figure/urban-heat-and-public-health.yaml identifier: urban-heat-and-public-health lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Urban Heat and Public Health uri: /report/nca3/chapter/southwest/figure/urban-heat-and-public-health url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/southwest/graphics/urban-heat-and-public-health usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source.