--- - attributes: ~ caption: 'Map of selected observed and projected biological responses to climate change across the United States. Case studies listed below correspond to observed responses (black icons on map) and projected responses (white icons on map, italicized statements). In general, because future climatic changes are projected to exceed those experienced in the recent past, projected biological impacts tend to be of greater magnitude than recent observed changes. Because the observations and projections presented here are not paired (that is, they are not for the same species or systems), that general difference is not illustrated. (Figure source: Staudinger et al., 20127406884d-2302-4644-aa50-12ed8baf4fd7).' chapter_identifier: ecosystems create_dt: 2014-03-21T16:27:45 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/ecosystems/figure/biological-responses-to-climate-change.yaml identifier: biological-responses-to-climate-change lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Staudinger et al., 2012' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Biological Responses to Climate Change uri: /report/nca3/chapter/ecosystems/figure/biological-responses-to-climate-change url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/ecosystems-and-biodiversity/graphics/species-responses-climate-change usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Projected increases in temperature, changes in wind patterns, and ecosystem changes will all affect future ground-level ozone concentrations. Climate projections using an increasing emissions scenario (A2) suggest that ozone concentrations in the New York metropolitan region will increase because of future climate change. This figure shows the estimated increase in ozone-related emergency room visits for children in New York in the 2020s (compared to the mid-1990s) resulting from climate change related increases in ozone concentrations. The results from this modeling exercise are shown as a percent change in visits specifically attributed to ozone exposure. For example, the 10.2% increase in Suffolk County represents five additional emergency room visits that could be attributed to increased ozone exposure over the baseline of 46 ozone-related visits from the mid-1990s. In 2010, an estimated 25.7 million Americans had asthma, which has become a problem in every state. (Figure source: Sheffield et al. 201113baa2f8-b25e-4372-91c8-3c76e0c8dc07).' chapter_identifier: human-health create_dt: 2013-11-04T08:49:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/projected-climate-change-worsens-asthma.yaml identifier: projected-climate-change-worsens-asthma lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Sheffield et al. 201113baa2f8-b25e-4372-91c8-3c76e0c8dc07' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Climate Change Projected to Worsen Asthma uri: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/projected-climate-change-worsens-asthma url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/human-health/graphics/climate-change-projected-worsen-asthma usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Ragweed pollen season length has increased in central North America between 1995 and 2011 by as much as 11 to 27 days in parts of the U.S. and Canada in response to rising temperatures. Increases in the length of this allergenic pollen season are correlated with increases in the number of days before the first frost. As shown in the figure, the largest increases have been observed in northern cities. (Data updated from Ziska et al. 20112d1ffd71-6c31-4d2e-9867-bdf330be45c1; Photo credit: Lewis Ziska, USDA).' chapter_identifier: human-health create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/ragweed-pollen-season-lengthens.yaml identifier: ragweed-pollen-season-lengthens lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Ragweed Pollen Season Lengthens uri: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/ragweed-pollen-season-lengthens url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/human-health/graphics/ragweed-pollen-season-lengthens usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Wildfires, which are projected to increase in some regions due to climate change, have health impacts that can extend hundreds of miles. Shown here, forest fires in Quebec, Canada, during July 2002 (red circles) resulted in up to a 30-fold increase in airborne fine particle concentrations in Baltimore, Maryland, a city nearly a thousand miles downwind. These fine particles, which are extremely harmful to human health, not only affect outdoor air quality, but also penetrate indoors, increasing the long-distance effects of fires on health.3bfcb39e-f3ee-4d20-8f53-77c8487599b4 An average of 6.4 million acres burned in U.S. wildfires each year between 2000 and 2010, with 9.5 and 9.1 million acres burned in 2006 and 2012, respectively.990aa49a-a25d-416c-945a-17fad9a5b824 Total global deaths from the effects of landscape fire smoke have been estimated at 260,000 to 600,000 annually between the years 1997 and 2006.6f5e49f0-fd59-4eba-9311-05ce16734498 (Figure source: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument on the Terra satellite, Land Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC).' chapter_identifier: human-health create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/wildfire-smoke-has-widespread-health-effects.yaml identifier: wildfire-smoke-has-widespread-health-effects lat_max: 57.3223 lat_min: 32.7816 lon_max: -62.3481 lon_min: -92.3073 ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument on the Terra satellite, Land Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC' submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2002-07-07T12:35:00 time_start: 2002-07-07T12:35:00 title: Wildfire Smoke has Widespread Health Effects uri: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/wildfire-smoke-has-widespread-health-effects url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/human-health/graphics/wildfire-smoke-has-widespread-health-effects usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The maps show projected increases in the average temperature on the hottest days by late this century (2081-2100) relative to 1986-2005 under a scenario that assumes a rapid reduction in heat-trapping gases (RCP 2.6) and a scenario that assumes continued increases in these gases (RCP 8.5). The hottest days are those so hot they occur only once in 20 years. Across most of the continental United States, those days will be about 10ºF to 15ºF hotter in the future under the higher emissions scenario. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: human-health create_dt: 2014-04-28T14:34:54 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/projected-temperature-change-of-hottest-days.yaml identifier: projected-temperature-change-of-hottest-days lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Temperature Change of Hottest Days uri: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/projected-temperature-change-of-hottest-days url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/human-health/graphics/hottest-days-will-get-hotter usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The maps show the current and projected probability of establishment of tick populations (Ixodes scapularis) that transmit Lyme disease. Projections are shown for 2020, 2050, and 2080. The projected expansion of tick habitat includes much of the eastern half of the country by 2080. For some areas around the Gulf Coast, the probability of tick population establishment is projected to decrease by 2080. (Figure source: adapted from Brownstein et al. 2005c50c2ea8-a6e8-4d12-80cc-272598748b84).' chapter_identifier: human-health create_dt: 2013-10-21T13:33:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/projected-changes-in-tick-habitat.yaml identifier: projected-changes-in-tick-habitat lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'adapted from Brownstein et al. 2005c50c2ea8-a6e8-4d12-80cc-272598748b84' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Changes in Tick Habitat uri: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/projected-changes-in-tick-habitat url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/human-health/graphics/projected-changes-tick-habitat usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Maps show the increase in frequency of extreme daily precipitation events (a daily amount that now occurs just once in 20 years) by the later part of this century (2081-2100) compared to the latter part of the last century (1981-2000). Such extreme events are projected to occur more frequently everywhere in the United States. Under a rapid emissions reduction scenario (RCP 2.6), these events would occur nearly twice as often. For a scenario assuming continued increases in emissions (RCP 8.5), these events would occur up to five times as often. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: human-health create_dt: 2014-04-28T14:01:34 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/health-projected-change-in-heavy-precipitation-events.yaml identifier: health-projected-change-in-heavy-precipitation-events lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Change in Heavy Precipitation Events uri: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/health-projected-change-in-heavy-precipitation-events url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/human-health/graphics/projected-change-heavy-precipitation-events usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Heavy downpours, which are increasing in the United States, have contributed to increases in heavy flood events (Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate, Key Message 6). The figure above illustrates how people can become exposed to waterborne diseases. Human exposures to waterborne diseases can occur via drinking water, as well as recreational waters.45c78ce3-56d1-4ed8-864b-bca300114602,735320eb-92d5-401c-957d-993e06668fa8,c41878da-d01e-4bfc-a839-484d89334c7a,69d04f03-5ba1-46a6-a7e3-fa449d448bea,bedf8b57-6146-4e78-8aaf-defa8a1a03d3,3325ef64-347b-4c33-9289-9e05e905dcbe (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: human-health create_dt: 2013-01-08T07:07:25 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/heavy-downpours-disease.yaml identifier: heavy-downpours-disease lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 7 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Heavy Downpours are Increasing Exposure to Disease uri: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/heavy-downpours-disease url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/human-health/graphics/heavy-downpours-are-increasing-exposure-disease usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Remote sensing color image of harmful algal bloom in Lake Erie on October 9, 2011. The bright green areas have high concentrations of algae, which can be harmful to human health. The frequency and range of harmful blooms of algae are increasing.bedf8b57-6146-4e78-8aaf-defa8a1a03d3,3325ef64-347b-4c33-9289-9e05e905dcbe Because algal blooms are closely related to climate factors, projected changes in climate could affect algal blooms and lead to increases in water- and food-borne exposures and subsequent cases of illness.3325ef64-347b-4c33-9289-9e05e905dcbe Other factors related to increases in harmful algal blooms include shifts in ocean conditions such as excess nutrient inputs.69d04f03-5ba1-46a6-a7e3-fa449d448bea,bedf8b57-6146-4e78-8aaf-defa8a1a03d3,3325ef64-347b-4c33-9289-9e05e905dcbe (Figure source: NASA Earth Observatory8c172cce-ec6c-417e-83fd-d646f79edfb4).' chapter_identifier: human-health create_dt: 2012-11-06T15:50:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/harmful-bloom-of-algae.yaml identifier: harmful-bloom-of-algae lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 8 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'NASA Earth Observatory8c172cce-ec6c-417e-83fd-d646f79edfb4' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Harmful Bloom of Algae uri: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/harmful-bloom-of-algae url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/human-health/graphics/harmful-bloom-algae usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'A variety of factors can increase the vulnerability of a specific demographic group to health effects due to climate change. For example, older adults are more vulnerable to heat stress because their bodies are less able to regulate their temperature. Overall population growth is projected to continue to at least 2050, with older adults comprising an increasing proportion of the population. Similarly, there are an increasing number of people who are obese and have diabetes, heart disease, or asthma, which makes them more vulnerable to a range of climate-related health impacts. Their numbers are also rising. The poor are less able to afford the kinds of measures that can protect them from and treat them for various health impacts. (Data from CDC; Health E-Stat; U.S. Census Bureau 2010, 2012; and Akinbami et al. 2011f9f323e6-ef44-44bb-b714-07d39ef00820,786ea089-cc61-4be8-86fd-a20124a95966,3e34e75f-04d1-4cda-bd49-6d58eeacd70e,9d5b5cfc-b76b-4659-b027-b2acefff4fc8,8d2f5285-d3ca-4290-8244-a32f1d73fad0).' chapter_identifier: human-health create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/elements-of-vulnerability-to-climate-change.yaml identifier: elements-of-vulnerability-to-climate-change lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 9 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'CDC; Health E-Stat; U.S. Census Bureau 2010, 2012; and Akinbami et al. 2011f9f323e6-ef44-44bb-b714-07d39ef00820,786ea089-cc61-4be8-86fd-a20124a95966,3e34e75f-04d1-4cda-bd49-6d58eeacd70e,9d5b5cfc-b76b-4659-b027-b2acefff4fc8,8d2f5285-d3ca-4290-8244-a32f1d73fad0' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Elements of Vulnerability to Climate Change uri: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/elements-of-vulnerability-to-climate-change url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/human-health/graphics/elements-vulnerability-climate-change usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'This map illustrates the national scope of the dispersion of displaced people from Hurricane Katrina. It shows the location by zip code of the 800,000 displaced Louisiana residents who requested federal emergency assistance. The evacuees ended up dispersed across the entire nation, illustrating the wide-ranging impacts that can flow from extreme weather events, such as those that are projected to increase in frequency and/or intensity as climate continues to change (Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate, Key Message 8). (Figure source: Kent 20061bdadd8e-39d1-4ab5-94e6-4cba8b9f63f5).' chapter_identifier: human-health create_dt: 2013-08-29T08:45:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/katrina-diaspora.yaml identifier: katrina-diaspora lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 10 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Kent 20061bdadd8e-39d1-4ab5-94e6-4cba8b9f63f5' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Katrina Diaspora uri: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/katrina-diaspora url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/widespread-impacts/graphics/katrina-diaspora usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The interactions between and among the energy, water, land, and climate systems take place within a social and economic context. (Figure source: Skaggs et al. 2012552cc5f5-a7b3-4a64-8bee-98ae0cced150).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2013-11-06T13:59:04 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/energy-water-land-and-climate-interactions.yaml identifier: energy-water-land-and-climate-interactions lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Skaggs et al. 2012552cc5f5-a7b3-4a64-8bee-98ae0cced150' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Energy, Water, Land, and Climate Interactions' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/energy-water-land-and-climate-interactions url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/water-supply/graphics/energy-water-land-and-climate-interactions usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: 'Map shows numbers of days with temperatures above 100ºF during 2011. The black circles denote the location of observing stations recording 100°F days. The number of days with temperatures exceeding 100°F is expected to increase. The record temperatures and drought during the summer of 2011 represent conditions that will be more likely in the U.S. as climate change continues. When outdoor temperatures increase, electricity demands for cooling increase, water availability decreases, and water temperatures increase. Alternative energy technologies may require little water (for example, solar and wind) and can enhance resilience of the electricity sector, but still face land-use and habitat considerations. The projected increases in drought and heat waves provide an example of the ways climate changes will challenge energy, water, and land systems. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC, 2012).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2012-09-24T14:25:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/coasttocoast-100degree-days-in-2011.yaml identifier: coasttocoast-100degree-days-in-2011 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'NOAA NCDC, 2012' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Coast-to-Coast 100-degree Days in 2011 uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/coasttocoast-100degree-days-in-2011 url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/extreme-weather/graphics/coast-coast-100-degree-days-2011 usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: 'Graph shows average summer temperature and total rainfall in Texas from 1895 through 2012. The red dots illustrate the range of temperatures and rainfall observed over time. The record temperatures and drought during the summer of 2011 (large red dot) represent conditions far outside those that have occurred since the instrumental record began.11d768c2-a4c6-479e-ae58-29cbeff601ce An analysis has shown that the probability of such an event has more than doubled as a result of human-induced climate change. 2c8387dc-24b4-4293-b51c-46871cac064f (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2013-07-03T10:07:37 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/texas-summer-2011-record-heat-and-drought.yaml identifier: texas-summer-2011-record-heat-and-drought lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Texas Summer 2011: Record Heat and Drought' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/texas-summer-2011-record-heat-and-drought url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/extreme-weather/graphics/texas-summer-2011-record-heat-and-drought usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: 'U.S. regions differ in the manner and intensity with which they use, or have available, energy, water, and land. Water bars represent total water withdrawals in billions of gallons per day (except Alaska and Hawai‘i, which are in millions of gallons per day); energy bars represent energy production for the region in 2012; and land represents land cover by type (green bars) or number of people (white and green bars). Only water withdrawals, not consumption, are shown (see Ch. 3: Water). Agricultural water withdrawals include irrigation, livestock, and aquaculture uses. (Data from EIA 20122af3709d-81eb-48b7-9183-afc6c27015ea [energy], Kenny et al. 2009f532697a-e122-4502-8c18-9504efa60700 [water], and USDA ERS 20076e583da5-d83a-4912-b729-8a1123e2bde9 [land]).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/regional-water-energy-and-land-use-with-projected-climate-change-impacts.yaml identifier: regional-water-energy-and-land-use-with-projected-climate-change-impacts lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'EIA 20122af3709d-81eb-48b7-9183-afc6c27015ea [energy], Kenny et al. 2009f532697a-e122-4502-8c18-9504efa60700 [water], and USDA ERS 20076e583da5-d83a-4912-b729-8a1123e2bde9 [land]' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Regional Water, Energy, and Land Use, with Projected Climate Change Impacts' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/regional-water-energy-and-land-use-with-projected-climate-change-impacts url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/energy-water-and-land/graphics/regional-water-energy-and-land-use-projected-climate usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: 'Technology choices can significantly affect water and land use. These two panels show a selection of technologies. Ranges in water withdrawal/consumption reflect minimum and maximum amounts of water used for selected technologies. Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is not included in the figures, but is discussed in the text. The top panel shows water withdrawals for various electricity production methods. Some methods, like most conventional nuclear power plants that use “once-through” cooling systems, require large water withdrawals but return most of that water to the source (usually rivers and streams). For nuclear plants, utilizing cooling ponds can dramatically reduce water withdrawal from streams and rivers, but increases the total amount of water consumed. Beyond large withdrawals, once-through cooling systems also affect the environment by trapping aquatic life in intake structures and by increasing the temperature of streams.78127ba4-136a-41c5-b02d-55a1b50f36ce Alternatively, once-through systems tend to operate at slightly better efficiencies than plants using other cooling systems. The bottom panel shows water consumption for various electricity production methods. Coal-powered plants using recirculating water systems have relatively low requirements for water withdrawals, but consume much more of that water, as it is turned into steam. Water consumption is much smaller for various dry-cooled electricity generation technologies, including for coal, which is not shown. Although small in relation to cooling water needs, water consumption also occurs throughout the fuel and power cycle.dd69310e-a111-413f-945e-85fde42c1cb9 (Figure source: Averyt et al. 20116c050821-4d0f-452a-9fb3-6576a5cc1c2e).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2012-10-28T12:59:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/water-use-for-electricity-generation-by-fuel-and-cooling-technology.yaml identifier: water-use-for-electricity-generation-by-fuel-and-cooling-technology lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Averyt et al. 20116c050821-4d0f-452a-9fb3-6576a5cc1c2e' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Water Use for Electricity Generation by Fuel and Cooling Technology uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/water-use-for-electricity-generation-by-fuel-and-cooling-technology url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/energy-water-and-land/graphics/water-use-electricity-generation-fuel-and-cooling usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The figure shows illustrative projections for 2030 of the total land-use intensity associated with various electricity production methods. Estimates consider both the footprint of the power plant as well as land affected by energy extraction. There is a relatively large range in impacts across technologies. For example, a change from nuclear to wind power could mean a significant change in associated land use. For each electricity production method, the figure shows the average of a most-compact and least-compact estimate for how much land will be needed per unit of energy. The figure uses projections from the Energy Information Administration Reference scenario for the year 2030, based on energy consumption by fuel type and power plant “capacity factors” (the ratio of total power generation to maximum possible power generation). The most-compact and least-compact estimates of biofuel land-use intensities reflect differences between current yield and production efficiency levels and those that are projected for 2030 assuming technology improvements.62df8fca-fcfe-41c4-8b33-85cc3f126441 (Figure source: adapted from McDonald et al. 200962df8fca-fcfe-41c4-8b33-85cc3f126441).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2013-11-01T08:32:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/projected-landuse-intensity-in-2030.yaml identifier: projected-landuse-intensity-in-2030 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Land-use Intensity in 2030 uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/projected-landuse-intensity-in-2030 url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/energy-water-and-land/graphics/projected-land-use-intensity-2030 usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Hydraulic fracturing, a drilling method used to retrieve deep reservoirs of natural gas, uses large quantities of water, sand, and chemicals that are injected at high pressure into horizontally-drilled wells as deep as 10,000 feet below Earth’s surface. The pressurized mixture causes the rock layer to crack. Sand particles hold the fissures open so that natural gas from the shale can flow into the well. Questions about the water quantity necessary for this extraction method as well as the potential to affect water quality have produced national debate. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2013-11-21T19:55:33 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/hydraulic-fracturing-and-water-use.yaml identifier: hydraulic-fracturing-and-water-use lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 7 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Hydraulic Fracturing and Water Use uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/hydraulic-fracturing-and-water-use url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/energy-water-and-land/graphics/hydraulic-fracturing-and-water-use usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: 'Photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly into electricity. Utility-sized solar power plants require large tracts of land. Photo shows Duke Energy’s 113-acre Blue Wing Solar Project in San Antonio, Texas, one of the largest photovoltaic solar farms in the country. (Photo credit: Duke Energy 20101e821a18-4f6f-406e-92f8-dee3657864d6).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2012-10-29T10:24:48 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/renewable-energy-and-land-use.yaml identifier: renewable-energy-and-land-use lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 8 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Renewable Energy and Land Use uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/renewable-energy-and-land-use url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/energy-water-and-land/graphics/renewable-energy-and-land-use usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'In many parts of the country, competing demands for water create stress in local and regional watersheds. Map shows a “water supply stress index” for the U.S. based on observations, with widespread stress in much of the Southwest, western Great Plains, and parts of the Northwest. Watersheds are considered stressed when water demand (from power plants, agriculture, and municipalities) exceeds 40% (water supply stress index of 0.4) of available supply. (Figure source: Averyt et al. 20116c050821-4d0f-452a-9fb3-6576a5cc1c2e).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2014-03-20T09:03:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/water-stress-in-the-us.yaml identifier: water-stress-in-the-us lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 9 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Averyt et al. 20116c050821-4d0f-452a-9fb3-6576a5cc1c2e' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Water Stress in the U.S. uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/water-stress-in-the-us url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/water-supply/graphics/water-stress-u-s usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source.