--- - attributes: ~ caption: 'The figure shows illustrative projections for 2030 of the total land-use intensity associated with various electricity production methods. Estimates consider both the footprint of the power plant as well as land affected by energy extraction. There is a relatively large range in impacts across technologies. For example, a change from nuclear to wind power could mean a significant change in associated land use. For each electricity production method, the figure shows the average of a most-compact and least-compact estimate for how much land will be needed per unit of energy. The figure uses projections from the Energy Information Administration Reference scenario for the year 2030, based on energy consumption by fuel type and power plant “capacity factors” (the ratio of total power generation to maximum possible power generation). The most-compact and least-compact estimates of biofuel land-use intensities reflect differences between current yield and production efficiency levels and those that are projected for 2030 assuming technology improvements.62df8fca-fcfe-41c4-8b33-85cc3f126441 (Figure source: adapted from McDonald et al. 200962df8fca-fcfe-41c4-8b33-85cc3f126441).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2013-11-01T08:32:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/projected-landuse-intensity-in-2030.yaml identifier: projected-landuse-intensity-in-2030 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Land-use Intensity in 2030 uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/projected-landuse-intensity-in-2030 url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/energy-water-and-land/graphics/projected-land-use-intensity-2030 usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Hydraulic fracturing, a drilling method used to retrieve deep reservoirs of natural gas, uses large quantities of water, sand, and chemicals that are injected at high pressure into horizontally-drilled wells as deep as 10,000 feet below Earth’s surface. The pressurized mixture causes the rock layer to crack. Sand particles hold the fissures open so that natural gas from the shale can flow into the well. Questions about the water quantity necessary for this extraction method as well as the potential to affect water quality have produced national debate. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2013-11-21T19:55:33 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/hydraulic-fracturing-and-water-use.yaml identifier: hydraulic-fracturing-and-water-use lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 7 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Hydraulic Fracturing and Water Use uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/hydraulic-fracturing-and-water-use url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/energy-water-and-land/graphics/hydraulic-fracturing-and-water-use usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: 'Photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly into electricity. Utility-sized solar power plants require large tracts of land. Photo shows Duke Energy’s 113-acre Blue Wing Solar Project in San Antonio, Texas, one of the largest photovoltaic solar farms in the country. (Photo credit: Duke Energy 20101e821a18-4f6f-406e-92f8-dee3657864d6).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2012-10-29T10:24:48 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/renewable-energy-and-land-use.yaml identifier: renewable-energy-and-land-use lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 8 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Renewable Energy and Land Use uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/renewable-energy-and-land-use url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/energy-water-and-land/graphics/renewable-energy-and-land-use usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'In many parts of the country, competing demands for water create stress in local and regional watersheds. Map shows a “water supply stress index” for the U.S. based on observations, with widespread stress in much of the Southwest, western Great Plains, and parts of the Northwest. Watersheds are considered stressed when water demand (from power plants, agriculture, and municipalities) exceeds 40% (water supply stress index of 0.4) of available supply. (Figure source: Averyt et al. 20116c050821-4d0f-452a-9fb3-6576a5cc1c2e).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2014-03-20T09:03:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/water-stress-in-the-us.yaml identifier: water-stress-in-the-us lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 9 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Averyt et al. 20116c050821-4d0f-452a-9fb3-6576a5cc1c2e' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Water Stress in the U.S. uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/water-stress-in-the-us url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/water-supply/graphics/water-stress-u-s usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Agriculture is in yellow, forests are shades of green, shrublands are gray, and urban areas are in red. The river is used for hydropower generation, flood control, agriculture irrigation, recreation, support of forest and shrubland ecosystems, and fish and wildlife habitat. Climate change may impact the timing and supply of the water resources, affecting the multiple uses of this river system. (Figure source: Northwest Habitat Institute 1999).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2014-03-20T09:20:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/the-columbia-river-basin-land-use-and-land-cover.yaml identifier: the-columbia-river-basin-land-use-and-land-cover lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 10 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: Northwest Habitat Institute 1999 submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: The Columbia River Basin Land Use and Land Cover uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/the-columbia-river-basin-land-use-and-land-cover url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/energy-water-and-land/graphics/columbia-river-basin-land-use-and-land-cover usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Extreme weather events can affect multiple systems that provide services for millions of people in urban settings. The satellite images depict city lights on a normal night (left) and immediately following Hurricane Sandy (right). Approximately five million customers in the New York metropolitan region lost power. (Figure source: NASA Earth Observatory080733e4-0e59-4a5a-b3c8-86f4c5a16b04).' chapter_identifier: urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability/figure/blackout-in-new-york-and-new-jersey-after-hurricane-sandy.yaml identifier: blackout-in-new-york-and-new-jersey-after-hurricane-sandy lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'NASA Earth Observatory080733e4-0e59-4a5a-b3c8-86f4c5a16b04' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Blackout in New York and New Jersey after Hurricane Sandy uri: /report/nca3/chapter/urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability/figure/blackout-in-new-york-and-new-jersey-after-hurricane-sandy url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/urban/graphics/blackout-new-york-and-new-jersey-after-hurricane-sandy usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'In urban settings, climate-related disruptions of services in one infrastructure system will almost always result in disruptions in one or more other systems. When power supplies that serve urban areas are interrupted after a major weather event, for example, public health, transportation, and banking systems may all be affected. This schematic drawing illustrates some of these connections. (Figure source: adapted from Wilbanks et al. 2012f0803451-5a89-474a-974f-99c13fdc725d).' chapter_identifier: urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability create_dt: 2014-03-13T11:40:38 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability/figure/urban-support-systems-are-interconnected.yaml identifier: urban-support-systems-are-interconnected lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'adapted from Wilbanks et al. 2012f0803451-5a89-474a-974f-99c13fdc725d' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Urban Support Systems are Interconnected uri: /report/nca3/chapter/urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability/figure/urban-support-systems-are-interconnected url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/urban/graphics/urban-support-systems-are-interconnected usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Map shows areas in New York’s five boroughs that are projected to face increased flooding over the next 70 years, assuming an increased rate of sea level rise from the past century’s average. As sea level rises, storm surges reach farther inland. Map does not represent precise flood boundaries, but illustrates projected increases in areas flooded under various sea level rise scenarios. (Figure source: New York City Panel on Climate Change 2013b9c8bbdb-736d-4e24-ba8d-3cc4ae03b131).' chapter_identifier: urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability create_dt: 2013-10-21T13:53:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability/figure/new-york-city-and-sea-level-rise.yaml identifier: new-york-city-and-sea-level-rise lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'New York City Panel on Climate Change 2013 b9c8bbdb-736d-4e24-ba8d-3cc4ae03b131 ' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: New York City and Sea Level Rise uri: /report/nca3/chapter/urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability/figure/new-york-city-and-sea-level-rise url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/urban/graphics/new-york-city-and-sea-level-rise usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Census data show that American Indian and Alaska Native populations are concentrated around, but are not limited to, reservation lands like the Hopi and Navajo in Arizona and New Mexico, the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Cherokee in Oklahoma, and various Sioux tribes in the Dakotas and Montana. Not depicted in this graphic is the proportion of Native Americans who live off-reservation and in and around urban centers (such as Chicago, Minneapolis, Denver, Albuquerque, and Los Angeles) yet still maintain strong family ties to their tribes, tribal lands, and cultural resources. (Figure source: Norris et al. 201201f614e1-f014-44fa-95ba-82421990ec9b).' chapter_identifier: tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources create_dt: 2013-10-24T13:25:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources/figure/indigenous-populations-extend-beyond-reservation-lands.yaml identifier: indigenous-populations-extend-beyond-reservation-lands lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Norris et al. 201201f614e1-f014-44fa-95ba-82421990ec9b' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Indigenous Populations Extend beyond Reservation Lands uri: /report/nca3/chapter/tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources/figure/indigenous-populations-extend-beyond-reservation-lands url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/indigenous-peoples/graphics/indigenous-populations-extend-beyond-reservation-lands usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'From developing biomass energy projects on the Quinault Indian Nation in Washington and tribal and intertribal wind projects in the Great Plains,532491e1-f2cd-4654-a9f4-22f5872205c4 to energy efficiency improvement efforts on the Cherokee Indian Reservation in North Carolina and the sustainable community designs being pursued on the Lakota reservations in the Dakotas (see also Ch. 19: Great Plains),a9f167ff-386e-4a78-a2e8-2564198dde24 tribes are investigating ways to reduce future climate changes. The map shows only those initiatives by federally recognized tribes that are funded through the Department of Energy. (Figure source: U.S. Department of Energy 20111f549c73-344e-4543-990b-679a4cec7af3).' chapter_identifier: tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources create_dt: 2014-03-21T07:51:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources/figure/many-tribes-many-climate-change-initiatives.yaml identifier: many-tribes-many-climate-change-initiatives lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'U.S. Department of Energy 20111f549c73-344e-4543-990b-679a4cec7af3' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Many Tribes, Many Climate Change Initiatives' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources/figure/many-tribes-many-climate-change-initiatives url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/indigenous-peoples/graphics/many-tribes-many-climate-change-initiatives usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'On the Arizona portion of the Navajo Nation, recurring drought and rising temperatures have accelerated growth and movement of sand dunes. Map above shows range and movement of Great Falls Dune Field from 1953 to 2010. Moving and/or growing dunes can threaten roads, homes, traditional grazing areas, and other tribal assets. (Figure source: Redsteer et al. 2011953476ae-1357-48a5-99d8-1daf963f0a3c).' chapter_identifier: tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources create_dt: 2012-10-27T14:11:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources/figure/sand-dune-expansion.yaml identifier: sand-dune-expansion lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Redsteer et al. 2011953476ae-1357-48a5-99d8-1daf963f0a3c' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Sand Dune Expansion uri: /report/nca3/chapter/tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources/figure/sand-dune-expansion url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/indigenous-peoples/graphics/sand-dune-expansion usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'In August and September 2012, sea ice covered less of the Arctic Ocean than any time since the beginning of reliable satellite measurements (1979). The long-term retreat of sea ice has occurred faster than climate models had predicted. The average minimum extent of sea ice for 1979-2000 was 2.59 million square miles. The image on the left shows Arctic minimum sea ice extent in 1984, which was about the average minimum extent for 1979-2000. The image on the right shows that the extent of sea ice had dropped to 1.32 million square miles at the end of summer 2012. Alaska Native coastal communities rely on sea ice for many reasons, including its role as a buffer against coastal erosion from storms. (Figure source: NASA Earth Observatory 20124599b8b1-534b-4e48-bff1-b381a9ef4998).' chapter_identifier: tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources create_dt: 2014-03-14T13:23:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources/figure/sea-ice-cover-reaches-record-low.yaml identifier: sea-ice-cover-reaches-record-low lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'NASA Earth Observatory 20124599b8b1-534b-4e48-bff1-b381a9ef4998' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Sea Ice Cover Reaches Record Low uri: /report/nca3/chapter/tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources/figure/sea-ice-cover-reaches-record-low url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/our-changing-climate/graphics/arctic-sea-ice-decline usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Dramatic reductions in Arctic sea ice and changes in its timing and composition affect the entire food web, including many Inupiaq communities that continue to rely heavily on subsistence hunting and fishing. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC).' chapter_identifier: tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources create_dt: 2012-10-27T12:14:17 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources/figure/arctic-marine-food-web.yaml identifier: arctic-marine-food-web lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Arctic Marine Food Web uri: /report/nca3/chapter/tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources/figure/arctic-marine-food-web url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/indigenous-peoples/graphics/arctic-marine-food-web usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The maps show projected ground temperature at a depth of 3.3 feet assuming continued increases in emissions (A2 scenario) and assuming a substantial reduction in emissions (B1 scenario). Blue shades represent areas below freezing at a depth of 3.3 feet and yellow and red shades represent areas above freezing at that depth (see Ch. 22: Alaska for more details). Many Alaska Natives depend on permafrost for ice cellars to store frozen food, and replacing these cellars with electricity-driven freezers is expensive or otherwise infeasible. Permafrost thawing also affects infrastructure like roads and utility lines. (Figure source: Permafrost Lab, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks).' chapter_identifier: tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources/figure/thawing-permafrost-in-alaska.yaml identifier: thawing-permafrost-in-alaska lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Permafrost Lab, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Thawing Permafrost in Alaska uri: /report/nca3/chapter/tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources/figure/thawing-permafrost-in-alaska url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/indigenous-peoples/graphics/thawing-permafrost-alaska usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Map shows regional differences in land cover. These patterns affect climate and will be affected by climate change. They also influence the vulnerability and resilience of communities to the effects of climate change (Figure source: USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center). (See Table 13.2 for definitions of mechanically and non-mechanically disturbed.)' chapter_identifier: land-use-land-cover-change create_dt: 2012-12-07T12:48:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/land-use-land-cover-change/figure/us-landcover-composition-in-2000.yaml identifier: us-landcover-composition-in-2000 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center). (See Table 13.2 for definitions of mechanically and non-mechanically disturbed. submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: U.S. Land-Cover Composition in 2000 uri: /report/nca3/chapter/land-use-land-cover-change/figure/us-landcover-composition-in-2000 url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/land-use-and-land-cover-change/graphics/us-land-cover-composition-2000 usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Projected percentages in each housing-unit\r\n density category for 2050 compared with 2010, assuming\r\n demographic and economic growth consistent with the high-growth\r\n emissions scenario (A2). (Data from U.S. EPA Integrated Climate\r\n and Land Use Scenarios)." chapter_identifier: land-use-land-cover-change create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/land-use-land-cover-change/figure/projections-of-settlement-densities-20102050.yaml identifier: projections-of-settlement-densities-20102050 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: U.S. EPA Integrated Climate and Land Use Scenarios submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projections of Settlement Densities (2010-2050) uri: /report/nca3/chapter/land-use-land-cover-change/figure/projections-of-settlement-densities-20102050 url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/land-use-and-land-cover-change/graphics/projections-settlement-densities-2010-2050 usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Projected percentages in each land-cover\r\n category for 2050 compared with 2010, assuming demographic and\r\n economic growth consistent with the high-growth emissions\r\n scenario (A2) (Data from USDA)." chapter_identifier: land-use-land-cover-change create_dt: 2012-12-07T16:30:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/land-use-land-cover-change/figure/projected-land-covers-20102050.yaml identifier: projected-land-covers-20102050 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: USDA submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Land Covers (2010-2050) uri: /report/nca3/chapter/land-use-land-cover-change/figure/projected-land-covers-20102050 url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/land-use-and-land-cover-change/graphics/projected-land-covers-2010-2050 usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Many forested areas in the U.S. have experienced a recent building boom in what is known as the “wildland-urban interface.” This figure shows the number of buildings lost from the 25 most destructive wildland-urban interface fires in California history from 1960 to 2007 (Figure source: Stephens et al. 2009ceb1c4ce-7513-4da2-b9a2-8bc8d7bd6a62).' chapter_identifier: land-use-land-cover-change create_dt: 2012-12-07T16:30:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/land-use-land-cover-change/figure/building-loss-by-fires-at-california-wildlandurban-interfaces.yaml identifier: building-loss-by-fires-at-california-wildlandurban-interfaces lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Stephens et al. 2009ceb1c4ce-7513-4da2-b9a2-8bc8d7bd6a62' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Building Loss by Fires at California Wildland-Urban Interfaces uri: /report/nca3/chapter/land-use-land-cover-change/figure/building-loss-by-fires-at-california-wildlandurban-interfaces url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/ecosystems-and-biodiversity/graphics/building-loss-fires-california usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Although the majority of the U.S. population lives in urban areas, most of the country is still classified as rural. In this map, counties are classified as rural if they do not include any cities with populations of 50,000 or more. (Figure source: USDA Economic Research Service 20135a9e656f-8a8f-497e-b11d-85db13fe4b4b).' chapter_identifier: rural create_dt: 2014-03-19T13:27:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/rural/figure/rural-counties.yaml identifier: rural-counties lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'USDA Economic Research Service 20135a9e656f-8a8f-497e-b11d-85db13fe4b4b' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Rural Counties uri: /report/nca3/chapter/rural/figure/rural-counties url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/rural-communities/graphics/rural-counties usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Much of the rural United States depends on agriculture, mining, and manufacturing. Climate changes will affect each region and each economic sector in complex and interrelated ways. The economic dependence classification used in the map indicates the largest share of earnings and employment in each county. (Figure source: USDA Economic Research Service 20135a9e656f-8a8f-497e-b11d-85db13fe4b4b).' chapter_identifier: rural create_dt: 2014-03-19T13:26:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/rural/figure/economic-dependence-varies-by-region.yaml identifier: economic-dependence-varies-by-region lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'USDA Economic Research Service 2013 5a9e656f-8a8f-497e-b11d-85db13fe4b4b' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Economic Dependence Varies by Region uri: /report/nca3/chapter/rural/figure/economic-dependence-varies-by-region url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/rural-communities/graphics/economic-dependence-varies-region usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The left map shows that if emissions continue to increase (A2 scenario), the U.S. growing season (or frost-free season) will lengthen by as much as 30 to 80 days by the end of the century (2070-2099 as compared to 1971-2000). The right map shows a reduction in the number of frost days (days with minimum temperatures below freezing) by 20 to 80 days in much of the United States in the same time period. While changes in the growing season may have positive effects for some crops, reductions in the number of frost days can result in early bud-bursts or blooms, consequently damaging some perennial crops grown in the United States (See also Ch. 6: Agriculture). White areas are projected to experience no freezes for 2070-2099, and gray areas are projected to experience more than 10 freeze-free years during the same period. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: rural create_dt: 2013-01-15T11:32:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/rural/figure/growing-season-lengthens.yaml identifier: growing-season-lengthens lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Growing Season Lengthens uri: /report/nca3/chapter/rural/figure/growing-season-lengthens url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/rural-communities/graphics/growing-season-lengthens usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Tourism is often climate-dependent as well as seasonally dependent. Increasing heat and humidity – projected for summers in the Midwest, Southeast, and parts of the Southwest by mid-century (compared to the period 1961-1990) – is likely to create unfavorable conditions for summertime outdoor recreation and tourismactivity. The figures illustrate projected changes in climatic attractiveness (based on maximum daily temperature and minimum daily relative humidity, average daily temperature and relative humidity, precipitation, sunshine, and wind speed) in July for much of North America. In the coming century, the distribution of these conditions is projected to shift from acceptable to unfavorable across most of the southern Midwest and a portion of the Southeast, and from very good or good to acceptable conditions in northern portions of the Midwest, under a high emissions scenario (A2a). (Figure source: Nicholls et al. 200560072c16-ccdf-4f41-b92f-dbd3ac26f3ba).' chapter_identifier: rural create_dt: 2014-03-19T15:24:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/rural/figure/climate-change-impacts-on-summertime-tourism.yaml identifier: climate-change-impacts-on-summertime-tourism lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Nicholls et al. 200560072c16-ccdf-4f41-b92f-dbd3ac26f3ba' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Climate Change Impacts on Summertime Tourism uri: /report/nca3/chapter/rural/figure/climate-change-impacts-on-summertime-tourism url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/rural-communities/graphics/climate-change-impacts-summertime-tourism usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Census data show significant population decreases in many rural areas, notably in the Great Plains (white indicates metropolitan areas). Many rural communities’ existing vulnerabilities to climate change, including physical isolation, reduced services like health care, and an aging population, are projected to increase as population decreases. (Figure source: USDA Economic Research Service 20135a9e656f-8a8f-497e-b11d-85db13fe4b4b).' chapter_identifier: rural create_dt: 2014-03-19T09:12:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/rural/figure/many-rural-areas-are-losing-population.yaml identifier: many-rural-areas-are-losing-population lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'USDA Economic Research Service 20135a9e656f-8a8f-497e-b11d-85db13fe4b4b' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Many Rural Areas are Losing Population uri: /report/nca3/chapter/rural/figure/many-rural-areas-are-losing-population url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/regions/rural-communities/graphics/many-rural-areas-are-losing-population usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The release of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning in North America (shown here for 2010) vastly exceeds the amount that is taken up and temporarily stored in forests, crops, and other ecosystems (shown here is the annual average for 2000-2006). (Figure source: King et al. 2012b130f588-b962-4133-9aa9-46f1f8c8ffdb).' chapter_identifier: biogeochemical-cycles create_dt: 2012-11-01T10:33:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/biogeochemical-cycles/figure/major-north-american-carbon-dioxide-sources-and-sinks.yaml identifier: major-north-american-carbon-dioxide-sources-and-sinks lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'King et al. 2012b130f588-b962-4133-9aa9-46f1f8c8ffdb' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Major North American Carbon Dioxide Sources and Sinks uri: /report/nca3/chapter/biogeochemical-cycles/figure/major-north-american-carbon-dioxide-sources-and-sinks url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/ecosystems-and-biodiversity/graphics/major-north-american-carbon-dioxide usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source.