--- - attributes: ~ caption: 'Maps show the increase in frequency of extreme daily precipitation events (a daily amount that now occurs once in 20 years) by the later part of this century (2081-2100) compared to the later part of last century (1981-2000). Such extreme events are projected to occur more frequently everywhere in the United States. Under the rapid emissions reduction scenario (RCP 2.6), these events would occur nearly twice as often. For the scenario assuming continued increases in emissions (RCP 8.5), these events would occur up to five times as often. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2014-04-28T14:01:34 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/projected-change-in-heavy-precipitation-events.yaml identifier: projected-change-in-heavy-precipitation-events lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 19 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Change in Heavy Precipitation Events uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/projected-change-in-heavy-precipitation-events url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/heavy-downpours-increasing/graphics/projected-change-heavy-precipitation usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Change in surface air temperature at the end of this century (2081-2100) relative to the turn of the last century (1986-2005) on the coldest and hottest days under a scenario that assumes a rapid reduction in heat trapping gases (RCP 2.6) and a scenario that assumes continued increases in these gases (RCP 8.5). This figure shows estimated changes in the average temperature of the hottest and coldest days in each 20-year period. In other words, the hottest days will get even hotter, and the coldest days will be less cold. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2014-04-28T13:39:52 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/projected-temperature-change-of-hottest-and-coldest-days.yaml identifier: projected-temperature-change-of-hottest-and-coldest-days lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 20 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Temperature Change of Hottest and Coldest Days uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/projected-temperature-change-of-hottest-and-coldest-days url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/extreme-weather/graphics/projected-temperature-change-hottest-and usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Trend magnitude (triangle size) and direction (green = increasing trend, brown = decreasing trend) of annual flood magnitude from the 1920s through 2008. Local areas can be affected by land-use change (such as dams). Most significant are the increasing trend for floods in the Midwest and Northeast and the decreasing trend in the Southwest. (Figure source: Peterson et al. 2013e15600d0-290f-44e2-9b58-9ffd295ee6d2).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2013-11-06T11:23:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/cs-trends-in-flood-magnitude.yaml identifier: cs-trends-in-flood-magnitude lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 21 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Trends in Flood Magnitude uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/cs-trends-in-flood-magnitude url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/extreme-weather/graphics/trends-flood-magnitude usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Average change in soil moisture compared to 1971-2000, as projected for the middle of this century (2041-2070) and late this century (2071-2100) under two emissions scenarios, a lower scenario (B1) and a higher scenario (A2).0b3b2ff4-9ee7-45fe-8d0c-895076013715,f312de7c-ebe1-447f-93c5-c2ddec528464,a71d11d2-beed-43b3-8417-372422c035f6,dcf754dd-dd36-474c-8f78-981b0bc507d5,ec534395-9d19-446f-90c4-a181c9ed31f0,66b53949-2796-4cb3-ba86-0d0509f128fb,9c0b6ae6-4bb4-4a27-b6ec-1b0c2dc1cc93 The future drying of soils in most areas simulated by this sophisticated hydrologic model (Variable Infiltration Capacity or VIC model) is consistent with the future drought increases using the simpler Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) metric. Only the western U.S. is displayed because model simulations were only run for this area. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2012-09-19T16:43:13 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/projected-changes-in-soil-moisture-for-the-western-us.yaml identifier: projected-changes-in-soil-moisture-for-the-western-us lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 22 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Changes in Soil Moisture for the Western U.S. uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/projected-changes-in-soil-moisture-for-the-western-us url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/future-climate/graphics/projected-changes-soil-moisture usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Recent variations of the Power Dissipation Index (PDI) in the North Atlantic and eastern North Pacific Oceans. PDI is an aggregate of storm intensity, frequency, and duration and provides a measure of total hurricane power over a hurricane season. There is a strong upward trend in Atlantic PDI, and a downward trend in the eastern North Pacific, both of which are well-supported by the reanalysis. Separate analyses (not shown) indicate a significant increase in the strength and in the number of the strongest hurricanes (Category 4 and 5) in the North Atlantic over this same time period. The PDI is calculated from historical data (IBTrACS73711f67-22e4-469a-af2a-6a426e41f472) and from reanalyses using satellite data (UW/NCDC & ADT-HURSAT6d2920f6-f06d-41fd-83e7-1fd61c40ae49,f748a8e5-7925-4fb4-a64c-57dd77279670). IBTrACS is the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship, UW/NCDC is the University of Wisconsin/NOAA National Climatic Data Center satellite-derived hurricane intensity dataset, and ADT-HURSAT is the Advanced Dvorak Technique–Hurricane Satellite dataset (Figure source: adapted from Kossin et al. 20076d2920f6-f06d-41fd-83e7-1fd61c40ae49).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2012-11-07T11:14:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/observed-trends-in-hurricane-power-dissipation.yaml identifier: observed-trends-in-hurricane-power-dissipation lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 23 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'adapted from Kossin et al. 20076d2920f6-f06d-41fd-83e7-1fd61c40ae49' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Observed Trends in Hurricane Power Dissipation uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/observed-trends-in-hurricane-power-dissipation url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/changes-hurricanes/graphics/observed-trends-hurricane-power-dissipation usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Variation of winter storm frequency and intensity during the cold season (November-March) for high latitudes (60-90°N) and mid-latitudes (30-60°N) of the Northern Hemisphere over the period 1949-2010. The bar for each decade represents the difference from the long-term average. Storm frequencies have increased in middle and high latitudes, and storm intensities have increased in middle latitudes. (Figure source: updated from CCSP 200812d42a98-494b-4cec-bf08-060021c85ec2)' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2013-07-31T09:27:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/variation-of-storm-frequency-and-intensity-during-the-cold-season-november--march.yaml identifier: variation-of-storm-frequency-and-intensity-during-the-cold-season-november--march lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 24 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'updated from CCSP 200812d42a98-494b-4cec-bf08-060021c85ec2' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Variation of Storm Frequency and Intensity during the Cold Season (November – March) uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/variation-of-storm-frequency-and-intensity-during-the-cold-season-november--march url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/changes-storms/graphics/variation-storm-frequency-and-intensity-during usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Sea level change in the North Atlantic Ocean relative to the year 2000 based on data collected from North Carolinae679d754-46b3-4d62-a7dd-4a7f0c727ebe (red line, pink band shows the uncertainty range) compared with a reconstruction of global sea level rise based on tide gauge data from 1750 to presentbe9b14ea-102f-4035-b250-99188cfc1b62 (blue line). (Figure source: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2013-10-21T12:52:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/north-atlantic-sea-level-change.yaml identifier: north-atlantic-sea-level-change lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 25 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: North Atlantic Sea Level Change uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/north-atlantic-sea-level-change url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/sea-level-rise/graphics/north-atlantic-sea-level-change usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Estimated, observed, and possible future amounts of global sea level rise from 1800 to 2100, relative to the year 2000. Estimates from proxy datae679d754-46b3-4d62-a7dd-4a7f0c727ebe (for example, based on sediment records) are shown in red (1800-1890, pink band shows uncertainty), tide gauge data are shown in blue for 1880-2009,94a8514e-063e-45ef-b893-11c82b49a597 and satellite observations are shown in green from 1993 to 2012.7b7ffcb0-766c-43b3-ac22-db29fbffef71 The future scenarios range from 0.66 feet to 6.6 feet in 2100.d8089822-678e-4834-a1ec-0dca1da35314 These scenarios are not based on climate model simulations, but rather reflect the range of possible scenarios based on other scientific studies. The orange line at right shows the currently projected range of sea level rise of 1 to 4 feet by 2100, which falls within the larger risk-based scenario range. The large projected range reflects uncertainty about how glaciers and ice sheets will react to the warming ocean, the warming atmosphere, and changing winds and currents. As seen in the observations, there are year-to-year variations in the trend. (Figure source: Adapted from Parris et al. 2012 d8089822-678e-4834-a1ec-0dca1da35314 with input from NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2013-11-15T14:51:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/past-and-projected-changes-in-global-sea-level-rise.yaml identifier: past-and-projected-changes-in-global-sea-level-rise lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 26 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'J. Willis, Jet Propulsion Laboratory' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Past and Projected Changes in Global Sea Level Rise uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/past-and-projected-changes-in-global-sea-level-rise url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/future-climate/graphics/past-and-projected-changes-global-sea-level usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Bars show decade averages of annual maximum Great Lakes ice coverage from the winter of 1962-1963, when reliable coverage of the entire Great Lakes began, to the winter of 2012-2013. Bar labels indicate the end year of the winter; for example, 1963-1972 indicates the winter of 1962-1963 through the winter of 1971-1972. Only the most recent period includes the eleven years from 2003 to 2013. (Data updated from Bai and Wang, 2012334caaf0-faab-4f7f-8086-c1b216a3b371).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2013-11-01T09:16:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/ice-cover-in-the-great-lakes.yaml identifier: ice-cover-in-the-great-lakes lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 27 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Ice Cover in the Great Lakes uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/ice-cover-in-the-great-lakes url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/melting-ice/graphics/ice-cover-great-lakes usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Summer Arctic sea ice has declined dramatically since satellites began measuring it in 1979. The extent of sea ice in September 2012, shown in white in the top figure, was more than 40% below the median for 1979-2000. The graph on the bottom left shows annual variations in September Arctic sea ice extent for 1979-2013. It is also notable that the ice has become much thinner in recent years, so its total volume (bottom right) has declined even more rapidly than the extent.2ecb64ff-f4e0-4acd-b049-e5d04f44c57a (Figure and data from National Snow and Ice Data Center).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2013-11-13T10:54:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/decline-in-arctic-sea-ice-extent.yaml identifier: decline-in-arctic-sea-ice-extent lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 28 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: National Snow and Ice Data Center submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Decline in Arctic Sea Ice Extent uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/decline-in-arctic-sea-ice-extent url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/melting-ice/graphics/decline-arctic-sea-ice-extent usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Model simulations of Arctic sea ice extent for September (1900-2100) based on observed concentrations of heat-trapping gases and particles (through 2005) and four scenarios. Colored lines for RCP scenarios are model averages (CMIP5) and lighter shades of the line colors denote ranges among models for each scenario. Dotted gray line and gray shading denotes average and range of the historical simulations through 2005. The thick black line shows observed data for 1953-2012. These newer model (CMIP5) simulations project more rapid sea ice loss compared to the previous generation of models (CMIP3) under similar forcing scenarios, although the simulated September ice losses under all scenarios still lag the observed loss of the past decade. Extrapolation of the present observed trend suggests an essentially ice-free Arctic in summer before mid-century.095ba621-feea-4f7f-8b98-890e5bee679f The Arctic is considered essentially ice-free when the areal extent of ice is less than one million square kilometers. (Figure source: adapted from Stroeve et al. 2012a60d1734-9067-4e1e-9699-d8e998dfa4d3).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2013-10-21T12:52:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/projected-arctic-sea-ice-decline.yaml identifier: projected-arctic-sea-ice-decline lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 29 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'adapted from Stroeve et al. 2012a60d1734-9067-4e1e-9699-d8e998dfa4d3' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Arctic Sea Ice Decline uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/projected-arctic-sea-ice-decline url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/melting-ice/graphics/projected-arctic-sea-ice-decline usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The correlation between rising levels of CO2 in the atmosphere (red) at Mauna Loa and rising CO2 levels (blue) and falling pH (green) in the nearby ocean at Station Aloha. As CO2 accumulates in the ocean, the water becomes more acidic (the pH declines). (Figure source: modified from Feely et al. 20091ee9bb2b-9b22-48f0-b540-f942ccfd9c71).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2014-02-05T10:49:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/as-oceans-absorb-co-they-become-more-acidic.yaml identifier: as-oceans-absorb-co-they-become-more-acidic lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 30 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'modified from Feely et al. 20091ee9bb2b-9b22-48f0-b540-f942ccfd9c71' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'As Oceans Absorb CO2, They Become More Acidic' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/as-oceans-absorb-co-they-become-more-acidic url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/overview/graphics/oceans-absorb-co2-they-become-more-acidic usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Pteropods, or “sea butterflies,” are free-swimming sea snails about the size of a small pea. Pteropods are eaten by marine species ranging in size from tiny krill to whales and are an important source of food for North Pacific juvenile salmon. The photos above show what happens to a pteropod’s shell in seawater that is too acidic. The left panel shows a shell collected from a live pteropod from a region in the Southern Ocean where acidity is not too high. The shell on the right is from a pteropod collected in a region where the water is more acidic (Photo credits: (left) Bednaršek et al. 2012;f5ea3c8e-a727-47a1-981c-4db49a0b6d33 (right) Nina Bednaršek).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2013-07-12T10:10:22 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/shells-dissolve-in-acidified-ocean-water.yaml identifier: shells-dissolve-in-acidified-ocean-water lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 31 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: (left) Bednaršek et al. 2012;f5ea3c8e-a727-47a1-981c-4db49a0b6d33 (right) Nina Bednaršek submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Shells Dissolve in Acidified Ocean Water uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/shells-dissolve-in-acidified-ocean-water url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/oceans/graphics/shells-dissolve-acidified-ocean-water usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'These projections, assuming continued increases in heat-trapping gas emissions (A2 scenario; Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate), illustrate: a) major losses in the water content of the snowpack that fills western rivers (snow water equivalent, or SWE); b) significant reductions in runoff in California, Arizona, and the central Rocky Mountains; and c) reductions in soil moisture across the Southwest. The changes shown are for mid-century (2041-2070) as percentage changes from 1971-2000 conditions (Figure source: Cayan et al. 201359cf5a07-b64b-418c-acc6-73b7ff4d7d7e).' chapter_identifier: water-resources create_dt: 2013-08-01T17:57:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/projected-changes-in-snow-runoff-and-soil-moisture.yaml identifier: projected-changes-in-snow-runoff-and-soil-moisture lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: Cayan et al. 2013 submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Projected Changes in Snow, Runoff, and Soil Moisture' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/projected-changes-in-snow-runoff-and-soil-moisture url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/water/graphics/projected-changes-snow-runoff-and-soil-moisture usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Changes in annual surface soil moisture per year over the period 1988 to 2010 based on multi-satellite datasets. Surface soil moisture exhibits wetting trends in the Northeast, Florida, upper Midwest, and Northwest, and drying trends almost everywhere else. (Images provided by W. Dorigodcbcf1b2-fd1f-4565-a914-a045d60fe10f).' chapter_identifier: water-resources create_dt: 2013-11-15T15:03:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/annual-surface-soil-moisture-trends.yaml identifier: annual-surface-soil-moisture-trends lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Annual Surface Soil Moisture Trends uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/annual-surface-soil-moisture-trends url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/water/graphics/annual-surface-soil-moisture-trends usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Changes in seasonal surface soil moisture per year over the period 1988 to 2010 based on multi-satellite datasets.dcbcf1b2-fd1f-4565-a914-a045d60fe10f Seasonal drying is observed in central and lower Midwest and Southeast for most seasons (with the exception of the Southeast summer), and in most of the Southwest and West (with the exception of the Northwest) for spring and summer. Soil moisture in the upper Midwest, Northwest, and most of the Northeast is increasing in most seasons. (Images provided by W. Dorigo.)' chapter_identifier: water-resources create_dt: 2013-11-01T15:41:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/seasonal-surface-soil-moisture-trends.yaml identifier: seasonal-surface-soil-moisture-trends lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Seasonal Surface Soil Moisture Trends uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/seasonal-surface-soil-moisture-trends url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/water/graphics/seasonal-surface-soil-moisture-trends usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Annual and seasonal streamflow projections based on the B1 (with substantial emissions reductions), A1B (with gradual reductions from current emission trends beginning around mid-century), and A2 (with continuation of current rising emissions trends) CMIP3 scenarios for eight river basins in the western United States. The panels show percentage changes in average runoff, with projected increases above the zero line and decreases below. Projections are for annual, cool, and warm seasons, for three future decades (2020s, 2050s, and 2070s) relative to the 1990s. (Source: U.S. Department of the Interior – Bureau of Reclamation 2011;67b69161-5101-418a-a6c9-1b6a80773305 Data provided by L. Brekke, S. Gangopadhyay, and T. Pruitt)' chapter_identifier: water-resources create_dt: 2013-11-07T16:26:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/streamflow-projections-for-river-basins-in-the-western-us.yaml identifier: streamflow-projections-for-river-basins-in-the-western-us lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Streamflow Projections for River Basins in the Western U.S. uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/streamflow-projections-for-river-basins-in-the-western-us url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/water/graphics/streamflow-projections-river-basins-western-us usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Trend magnitude (triangle size) and direction (green = increasing trend, brown = decreasing trend) of annual flood magnitude from the 1920s through 2008. Flooding in local areas can be affected by multiple factors, including land-use change, dams, and diversions of water for use. Most significant are increasing trends for floods in Midwest and Northeast, and a decreasing trend in the Southwest.(Figure source: Peterson et al. 2013e15600d0-290f-44e2-9b58-9ffd295ee6d2).' chapter_identifier: water-resources create_dt: 2013-11-06T11:23:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/trends-in-flood-magnitude.yaml identifier: trends-in-flood-magnitude lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Peterson et al. 2013e15600d0-290f-44e2-9b58-9ffd295ee6d2' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Trends in Flood Magnitude uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/trends-in-flood-magnitude url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/extreme-weather/graphics/trends-flood-magnitude usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "(a) Groundwater aquifers are found throughout the U.S., but they vary widely in terms of ability to store and recharge water. The colors on this map illustrate aquifer location and geology: blue colors indicate unconsolidated sand and gravel; yellow is semi-consolidated sand; green is sandstone; blue or purple is sandstone and carbonate‐rock; browns are carbonate-rock; red is igneous and metamorphic rock; and white is other aquifer types. (Figure source: USGS).\r\n\t(b) Ratio of groundwater withdrawals to total water withdrawals from all surface and groundwater sources by county. The map illustrates that aquifers are the main (and often exclusive) water supply source for many U.S. regions, especially in the Great Plains, Misssissippi Valley, east central U.S., Great Lakes region, Florida, and other coastal areas. Groundwater aquifers in these regions are prone to impacts due to combined climate and water-use change. (Data from USGS 2005)." chapter_identifier: water-resources create_dt: 2013-11-19T20:15:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/principal-us-groundwater-aquifers-and-use.yaml identifier: principal-us-groundwater-aquifers-and-use lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: USGS submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Principal U.S. Groundwater Aquifers and Use uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/principal-us-groundwater-aquifers-and-use url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/water/graphics/principal-us-groundwater-aquifers-and-use usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The length of the season in which differences in lake temperatures with depth cause stratification (separate density layers) is increasing in many lakes. In this case, measurements show stratification has been increasing in Lake Tahoe (top left) since the 1960s and in Lake Superior (top right) since the early 1900s in response to increasing air and surface water temperatures (see also Ch. 18: Midwest). In Lake Tahoe, because of its large size (relative to inflow) and resulting long water-residence times, other influences on stratification have been largely overwhelmed, and warming air and water temperatures have caused progressive declines in near-surface density, leading to longer stratification seasons (by an average of 20 days), decreasing the opportunities for deep lake mixing, reducing oxygen levels, and causing impacts to many species and numerous aspects of aquatic ecosytems.0bd9cfef-4cd5-4b20-b953-04ecad0bd71c Similar effects are observed in Lake Superior,5d9dedb4-4383-471f-9cee-05e0b16a457c where the stratification season is lengthening (top right) and annual ice-covered area is declining (bottom); both observed changes are consistent with increasing air and water temperatures.' chapter_identifier: water-resources create_dt: 2013-08-28T16:38:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/observed-changes-in-lake-stratification-and-ice-covered-area.yaml identifier: observed-changes-in-lake-stratification-and-ice-covered-area lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 7 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Observed Changes in Lake Stratification and Ice Covered Area uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/observed-changes-in-lake-stratification-and-ice-covered-area url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/water/graphics/observed-changes-lake-stratification-and-ice-covered-area usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Trends in total freshwater withdrawal (equal to the sum of consumptive use and return flows to rivers) and population in the contiguous United States. This graph illustrates the remarkable change in the relationship between water use and population growth since about 1980. Reductions in per capita water withdrawals are directly related to increases in irrigation efficiency for agriculture, more efficient cooling processes in electrical generation, and, in many areas, price signals, more efficient indoor plumbing fixtures and appliances, and reductions in exterior landscape watering, in addition to shifts in land-use patterns in some areas.b9565fca-baa6-4647-9811-5c974a28ce4d Efficiency improvements have offset the demands of a growing population and have resulted in more flexibility in meeting water demand. In some cases these improvements have also reduced the flexibility to scale back water use in times of drought because some inefficiencies have already been removed from the system. With drought stress projected to increase in many U.S. regions, drought vulnerability is also expected to rise.50d47cc1-5a16-4f5c-bb08-bf6f475a5bb8' chapter_identifier: water-resources create_dt: 2013-09-20T16:11:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/us-freshwater-withdrawal-consumptive-use-and-population-trends.yaml identifier: us-freshwater-withdrawal-consumptive-use-and-population-trends lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 8 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'U.S. Freshwater Withdrawal, Consumptive Use, and Population Trends' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/us-freshwater-withdrawal-consumptive-use-and-population-trends url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/water/graphics/us-freshwater-withdrawal-consumptive-use-and-population-trends usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Total water withdrawals (groundwater and surface water) in the U.S. are dominated by agriculture and energy\r\n production, though the primary use of water for thermoelectric production is for cooling, where water is often returned to\r\n lakes and rivers after use (return flows). (Data from Kenny et al.\r\n 2009f532697a-e122-4502-8c18-9504efa60700)." chapter_identifier: water-resources create_dt: 2012-12-18T09:35:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/freshwater-withdrawals-by-sector.yaml identifier: freshwater-withdrawals-by-sector lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 9 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Kenny et al. 2009f532697a-e122-4502-8c18-9504efa60700' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Freshwater Withdrawals by Sector uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/freshwater-withdrawals-by-sector url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/water/graphics/freshwater-withdrawals-sector usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Based on the most recent USGS water withdrawal data (2005). This figure illustrates water withdrawals at the U.S. county level: (a) total withdrawals (surface and groundwater) in thousands of gallons per day per square mile; (b) municipal and industrial (including golf course irrigation) withdrawals as percent of total; (c) irrigation, livestock, and aquaculture withdrawals as percent of total; (d) thermoelectric plant cooling withdrawals as percent of total; (e) counties with large surface water withdrawals; and (f) counties with large groundwater withdrawals. The largest withdrawals occur in the drier western states for crop irrigation. In the east, water withdrawals mainly serve municipal, industrial, and thermoelectric uses. Groundwater withdrawals are intense in parts of the Southwest and Northwest, the Great Plains, Mississippi Valley, Florida and South Georgia, and near the Great Lakes (Figure source: Georgia Water Resources Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology; Data from Kenny et al. 2009;f532697a-e122-4502-8c18-9504efa60700 USGS 2013f1192640-c0b0-442c-a3c3-8e70b0fcb75b).' chapter_identifier: water-resources create_dt: 2013-11-07T16:26:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/us-water-withdrawal-distribution.yaml identifier: us-water-withdrawal-distribution lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 10 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Georgia Water Resources Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology; Data from Kenny et al. 2009; USGS 2013f532697a-e122-4502-8c18-9504efa60700,f1192640-c0b0-442c-a3c3-8e70b0fcb75b' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: U.S. Water Withdrawal Distribution uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/us-water-withdrawal-distribution url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/water/graphics/us-water-withdrawal-distribution usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The effects of climate change, primarily associated with increasing temperatures and potential evapotranspiration, are projected to significantly increase water demand across most of the United States. Maps show percent change from 2005 to 2060 in projected demand for water assuming (a) change in population and socioeconomic conditions based on the underlying A1B emissions scenario, but with no change in climate, and (b) combined changes in population, socioeconomic conditions, and climate according to the A1B emissions scenario (gradual reductions from current emission trends beginning around mid-century). (Figure source: Brown et al. 201330f46799-40a7-4e54-97f0-841e22aa4a56).' chapter_identifier: water-resources create_dt: 2014-03-09T19:18:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/projected-changes-in-water-withdrawals.yaml identifier: projected-changes-in-water-withdrawals lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 11 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Brown et al. 201330f46799-40a7-4e54-97f0-841e22aa4a56' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Changes in Water Withdrawals uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-resources/figure/projected-changes-in-water-withdrawals url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/water-supply/graphics/projected-changes-water-withdrawals usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source.