--- - attributes: ~ caption: 'This figure summarizes some of the many datasets documenting changes in the Earth’s climate, all of which are consistent with a warming planet. In all figures except the lower two in the right column, data are plotted relative to averages over the period 1960-1999 (Figure source: updated from Kennedy et al. 20102).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-08-20T08:40:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-indicators-of-warming-from-multiple-data-sets.yaml identifier: caq-indicators-of-warming-from-multiple-data-sets lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Indicators of Warming from Multiple Data Sets uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-indicators-of-warming-from-multiple-data-sets url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/indicators-warming-multiple-data-sets usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Global carbon emissions from burning coal, oil, and gas and from producing cement (1850-2009). These emissions account for about 80% of the total emissions of carbon from human activities, with land-use changes (like cutting down forests) accounting for the other 20% in recent decades. (Data from Boden et al. 2012).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-10-28T13:27:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-carbon-emissions-in-the-industrial-age.yaml identifier: caq-carbon-emissions-in-the-industrial-age lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Carbon Emissions in the Industrial Age uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-carbon-emissions-in-the-industrial-age url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/carbon-emissions-industrial-age usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Changes in the temperature of the Northern Hemisphere from surface observations (in red) and from proxies (in black; uncertainty range represented by shading) relative to 1961-1990 average temperature. These analyses suggest that current temperatures are higher than seen globally in at least the last 1700 years and that the last decade (2001 to 2010) was the warmest decade on record. (Figure source: adapted from Mann et al. 20084).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-10-24T15:50:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-1700-years-of-global-temperature-from-proxy-data.yaml identifier: caq-1700-years-of-global-temperature-from-proxy-data lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 1700 Years of Temperature from Proxy Data uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-1700-years-of-global-temperature-from-proxy-data url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/1700-years-temperature-change-proxy-data usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: Short-term trends in global temperature (blue lines show temperature trends at five-year intervals from 1970 to 2010) can range from decreases to sharp increases. The evidence of climate change is based on long-term trends over 20-30 years or more (red line). (Data from NOAA NCDC). chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-11-15T08:58:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/short-term-variations-versus-long-term-trend.yaml identifier: short-term-variations-versus-long-term-trend lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Short-term Variations Versus Long-term Trend uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/short-term-variations-versus-long-term-trend url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/short-term-variations-versus-long-term-trend usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The last five decades have seen a progressive rise in Earth’s average surface temperature. Bars show the difference between each decade’s average temperature and the overall average for 1901 to 2000. The far right bar includes data for 2001-2012. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-07-31T13:54:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/global-temperature-change-decade-averages.yaml identifier: global-temperature-change-decade-averages lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 7 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Global Temperature Change: Decade Averages' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/global-temperature-change-decade-averages url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/global-temperature-change-decade-averages usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-08-02T14:34:19 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/temperature-trends-1900-2012.yaml identifier: temperature-trends-1900-2012 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 8 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Temperature Trends, 1900-2012' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/temperature-trends-1900-2012 url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/temperature-trends-1900-2012 usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Change in decadal-averaged annual temperature relative to the 1901-1960 average for the six National Climate Assessment regions in the contiguous United States. This figure shows how regional temperatures can be much more variable than global temperatures, going up and down from decade to decade; all regions, however, show warming over the last two decades or more. In the figure, 00s refers to the 12-year period of 2001-2012. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-10-22T10:45:07 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/decade-scale-changes-in-average-temperature-for-us-regions.yaml identifier: decade-scale-changes-in-average-temperature-for-us-regions lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 9 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Decade-Scale Changes in Average Temperature for U.S. Regions uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/decade-scale-changes-in-average-temperature-for-us-regions url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/decade-scale-changes-average-temperature-us-regions usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: Scientists whose research was key to understanding the greenhouse effect and the impact of human activities on climate. chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/early-scientists-who-established-the-scientific-basis-for-climate-change.yaml identifier: early-scientists-who-established-the-scientific-basis-for-climate-change lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 10 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Early Scientists who Established the Scientific Basis for Climate Change uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/early-scientists-who-established-the-scientific-basis-for-climate-change url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/early-scientists-who-established-scientific-basis-climate-change usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: '(left) A stylized representation of the natural greenhouse effect. Most of the sun’s radiation reaches the Earth’s surface. Naturally occurring heat-trapping gases, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, do not absorb the short- wave energy from the sun but do absorb the long-wave energy re-radiated from the Earth, keeping the planet much warmer than it would be otherwise. (right) In this stylized representation of the human-intensified greenhouse effect, human activities, predominantly the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas), are increasing levels of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases, increasing the natural greenhouse effect and thus Earth’s temperature. (Figure source: modified from National Park Service10).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-10-22T10:32:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-human-influence-on-the-greenhouse-effect.yaml identifier: caq-human-influence-on-the-greenhouse-effect lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 11 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Human Influence on the Greenhouse Effect uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-human-influence-on-the-greenhouse-effect url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/human-influence-greenhouse-effect usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Changes in the global surface temperature (top) and the solar flux (bottom) since 1900 (temperatures are relative to 1961-1990; solar flux is relative to the total average irradiance from the sun of about 1360 watts per square meter). The temperatures are based on thermometer observations of the Earth’s surface temperature, while the solar flux at the top of Earth’s atmosphere is based on satellite observations starting in 1978 and on proxy observations before then. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-11-01T15:13:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/measurements-of-surface-temperature-and-suns-energy.yaml identifier: measurements-of-surface-temperature-and-suns-energy lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 12 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Measurements of Surface Temperature and Sun’s Energy uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/measurements-of-surface-temperature-and-suns-energy url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/measurements-surface-temperature-and-sun%E2%80%99s-energy usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Figure shows examples of the many aspects of the climate system in which changes have been formally attributed to human emissions of heat-trapping gases and particles by studies published in peer-reviewed science literature. For example, observed changes in surface air temperature at both the global and continental levels, particularly over the past 50 years or so, cannot be explained without including the effects of human activities. While there are undoubtedly many natural factors that have affected climate in the past and continue to do so today, human activities are the dominant contributor to recently observed climate changes. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2012-04-11T14:59:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-human-influences-apparent-in-many-aspects-of-the-changing-climate.yaml identifier: caq-human-influences-apparent-in-many-aspects-of-the-changing-climate lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 13 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Human Influences Apparent in Many Aspects of the Changing Climate uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-human-influences-apparent-in-many-aspects-of-the-changing-climate url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/human-influences-apparent-many-aspects-changing-climate usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Changes in surface air temperature at the continental and global scales can only be explained by the influence of human activities on climate. The black line depicts the annually averaged observed changes. The blue shading represents estimates from a broad range of climate simulations including solely natural (solar and volcanic) changes in forcing. The orange shading is from climate model simulations that include the effects of both natural and human contributions. These analyses demonstrate that the observed changes, both globally and on a continent-by-continent basis, are caused by the influence of human activities on climate. (Figure source: updated from Jones et al. 2013ee56b7fa-1961-49cc-aeea-823510341d5f).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-only-human-influence-can-explain-recent-warming.yaml identifier: caq-only-human-influence-can-explain-recent-warming lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 14 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Only Human Influence Can Explain Recent Warming uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-only-human-influence-can-explain-recent-warming url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/only-human-influence-can-explain-recent-warming usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The green band shows how global average temperature would have changed due to natural forces only, as simulated by climate models. The blue band shows model simulations of the effects of human and natural factors combined. The black line shows observed global average temperatures. As indicated by the green band, without human influences, temperature over the past century would actually have cooled slightly over recent decades. The match up of the blue band and the black line illustrate that only the inclusion of human factors can explain the recent warming. (Figure source: adapted from Huber and Knutti, 201212).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2014-02-21T16:10:47 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-separating-human-and-natural-influences-on-climate.yaml identifier: caq-separating-human-and-natural-influences-on-climate lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 15 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Separating Human and Natural Influences on Climate uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-separating-human-and-natural-influences-on-climate url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/separating-human-and-natural-influences-climate usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Three different global surface temperature records all show increasing trends over the last century. The lines show annual differences in temperature relative to the 1901-1960 average. Differences among data sets, due to choices in data selection, analysis, and averaging techniques, do not affect the conclusion that global surface temperatures are increasing. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-10-23T10:04:37 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-observed-change-in-global-average-temperature.yaml identifier: caq-observed-change-in-global-average-temperature lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 16 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Observed Change in Global Average Temperature uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-observed-change-in-global-average-temperature url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/observed-change-global-average-temperature usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite measurements show that both Greenland and Antarctica are, on the whole, losing ice as the atmosphere and oceans warm. (Figure source: adapted from Wouters et al. 201313).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-10-22T10:31:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/ice-loss-from-the-two-polar-ice-sheets.yaml identifier: ice-loss-from-the-two-polar-ice-sheets lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 17 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Ice Loss from the Two Polar Ice Sheets uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/ice-loss-from-the-two-polar-ice-sheets url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/ice-loss-two-polar-ice-sheets usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The number of papers classified as predicting, implying, or providing supporting evidence for future global cooling, warming, and neutral categories. Bars indicate number of articles published per year. Squares indicate cumulative number of articles published. For the period 1965 through 1979, the literature survey found seven papers suggesting further cooling, 20 neutral, and 44 warming. Even in the early years of the study of climate change, more science studies were discussing concerns about global warming than global cooling. (Figure source: Peterson et al. 200814).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-10-22T15:37:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/published-climate-change-research-papers.yaml identifier: published-climate-change-research-papers lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 18 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Published Climate Change Research Papers uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/published-climate-change-research-papers url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/published-climate-change-research-papers usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Projected average annual temperature changes over the contiguous United States for multiple future scenarios relative to the 1901- 1960 average temperature. The dashed lines are results from the previous generation of climate models and scenarios, while solid lines show the most recent generation of climate model simulations and scenarios. Changes in temperature over the U.S. are expected to be higher than the change in global average temperatures (Figure 24). Differences in these projections are principally a result of differences in the scenarios. (Data from CMIP3, CMIP5, and NOAA NCDC).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-11-19T10:27:45 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/observed-and-projected-us-temperature-change.yaml identifier: observed-and-projected-us-temperature-change lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 19 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Observed and Projected U.S. Temperature Change uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/observed-and-projected-us-temperature-change url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/observed-and-projected-us-temperature-change usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: '(Photo) Bleached brain coral; (Maps) The global extent and severity of mass coral bleaching have increased worldwide over the last decade. Red dots indicate severe bleaching. (Figure source: Marshall and Schuttenberg 2006;15 Photo credit: NOAA).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-07-31T08:56:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/coral-bleaching.yaml identifier: coral-bleaching lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 20 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Coral Bleaching uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/coral-bleaching url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/coral-bleaching usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Pteropods, or “sea butterflies,” are sea creatures about the size of a small pea. Pteropods are eaten by organisms ranging in size from tiny krill to whales, and are an important source of food for North Pacific juvenile salmon. The photos above show what happens to a pteropod’s shell when it encounters seawater that is too acidic. The left panel shows a shell collected from a live pteropod from a region in the Southern Ocean where acidity is not too high. The shell on the right is from a pteropod collected in a region with higher acidity (Photo credits: (left) Bednaršek et al. 2012;16 (right) Nina Bednaršek).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-07-12T10:10:22 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/ocean-acidification-and-the-food-web.yaml identifier: ocean-acidification-and-the-food-web lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 21 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Ocean Acidification and the Food Web uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/ocean-acidification-and-the-food-web url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/ocean-acidification-and-food-web usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The large-scale geographical patterns and approximate magnitude of the surface air temperature trend from 1980 to 2005 from observational data (left) is approximately captured by computer models of the climate system (right). The pattern from the computer models is an average based on 43 different global climate models (CMIP5) used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report. The observations are a combination of both the human contribution to recent warming as well as the natural temperature variations. Averaging these model simulations suppresses the natural variations and thus shows mainly the human contribution, which is the reason that the smaller-scale details are different between the two maps. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/climate-models-and-temperature-change.yaml identifier: climate-models-and-temperature-change lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 22 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Climate Models and Temperature Change uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/climate-models-and-temperature-change url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/climate-models-and-temperature-change usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Projected global average annual temperature changes for multiple future scenarios relative to the 1901-1960 average temperature. Each line represents a central estimate of global average temperature rise for a specific emissions pathway. Shading indicates the range (5th to 95th percentile) of results from a suite of climate models. The left panel shows results from the previous generation of climate models (CMIP3), and the right panel shows results from the most recent generation of climate models (CMIP5). Projections in 2099 for additional emissions pathways are indicated by the bars to the right of each panel. In all cases, temperatures are expected to rise, although the difference between lower and higher emissions pathways is substantial. (Data from CMIP3, CMIP5, and NOAA NCDC).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2014-03-17T09:43:07 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-emissions-levels-determine-temperature-rises.yaml identifier: caq-emissions-levels-determine-temperature-rises lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 23 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Emissions Levels Determine Temperature Rises uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-emissions-levels-determine-temperature-rises url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/emissions-levels-determine-temperature-rises usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Stylized map of potential policy-relevant tipping elements in the Earth’s climate system overlain on population density. Question marks indicate systems whose status as tipping elements is particularly uncertain. (Figure source: adapted from Lenton et al. 200817)' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-01-10T15:48:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/potential-tipping-points.yaml identifier: potential-tipping-points lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 24 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Potential Tipping Points uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/potential-tipping-points url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/potential-tipping-points usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Climate change is likely to affect human society and the natural environment in many ways. The National Climate Assessment’s sectoral impacts chapters examine these impacts by category in detail. (Figure source: adapted from Phillipe Rekacewicz UNEP/GRID-Arendal 2012, “Vital Climate Graphics” collection19).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-07-26T07:53:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/potential-effects-of-climate-change.yaml identifier: potential-effects-of-climate-change lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 25 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Potential Effects of Climate Change uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/potential-effects-of-climate-change url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/potential-effects-climate-change usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Reducing carbon emissions from a higher pathway (here, RCP 8.5) to a lower pathway (here, RCP 4.5) can be accomplished with a combination of many technologies and policies, illustrated here based on the “wedges” concept pioneered by Pacala and Socolow in 2004.20 These wedges could include increasing the energy efficiency of appliances, vehicles, buildings, electronics, and electricity generation (orange wedges); reducing carbon emissions from fossil fuels by switching to lower- carbon fuels or capturing and storing carbon (blue wedges); and switching to renewable and non-carbon emitting sources of energy, including solar, wind, wave, biomass, tidal, and geothermal (green wedges). The shapes and sizes of the wedges shown here are illustrative only. (Data from Boden et al. 201221).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-11-12T12:53:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/multiple-pathways-for-reducing-us-emissions.yaml identifier: multiple-pathways-for-reducing-us-emissions lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 26 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Multiple Pathways for Reducing U.S. Emissions uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/multiple-pathways-for-reducing-us-emissions url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/multiple-pathways-reducing-us-emissions usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source.