--- - attributes: ~ caption: 'Projected changes in wintertime precipitation at the end of this century (2071-2099) relative to the average for 1970-1999. The older generation of models (CMIP3) and emissions scenarios are on the left side; the new models (CMIP5) and scenarios are on the right side. Hatched areas indicate that the projected changes are significant and consistent among models. White areas indicate that the changes are not projected to be larger than could be expected from natural variability. In both sets of projections, the northern parts of the U.S. (and Alaska) become wetter. Increases in both the amount of precipitation change and the confidence in the projections go up as the projected temperature rises. In the farthest northern parts of the U.S., much of the additional winter precipitation will still fall as snow. This is not likely to be the case farther south. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2013-10-23T13:25:05 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/projected-wintertime-precipitation-changes.yaml identifier: projected-wintertime-precipitation-changes lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 21 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Wintertime Precipitation Changes uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/projected-wintertime-precipitation-changes url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/projected-wintertime-precipitation-changes usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Projected changes in summertime precipitation toward the end of this century (2071-2099) relative to the average for 1970-1999. The older generation of models (CMIP3) and emissions scenarios are on the left side; the new models (CMIP5) and scenarios are on the right side. Hatched areas indicate that the projected changes are significant and consistent among models. White areas indicate confidence that the changes are not projected to be larger than could be expected from natural variability. In most of the contiguous U.S., decreases in summer precipitation are projected, but not with as much confidence as the winter increases. When interpreting maps of temperature and precipitation projections, readers are advised to pay less attention to small details and greater attention to the large-scale patterns of change. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2013-10-23T13:17:09 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/projected-summertime-precipitation-changes.yaml identifier: projected-summertime-precipitation-changes lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 22 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Summertime Precipitation Changes uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/projected-summertime-precipitation-changes url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/projected-summertime-precipitation-changes usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Historical emissions of carbon from fossil fuel (coal, oil, and gas) combustion and land-use change (such as deforestation) have increased over time. The growth rate was nearly three times greater during the 2000s as compared to the 1990s. This figure compares the observed historical (black dots) and projected future SRES (orange dashed lines) and RCP (blue solid lines) carbon emissions from 1970 to 2030. (Data from Boden et al. 2011fdf3a7f6-dead-4249-b0ca-e7b6e2ac6f16 plus preliminary values for 2009 and 2010 based on BP statistics and U.S. Geological Survey cement data).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2013-10-21T09:23:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/carbon-emissions-historical-and-projected.yaml identifier: carbon-emissions-historical-and-projected lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 23 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: Boden et al. 2011fdf3a7f6-dead-4249-b0ca-e7b6e2ac6f16 plus preliminary values for 2009 and 2010 based on BP statistics and U.S. Geological Survey cement data submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Carbon Emissions: Historical and Projected' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/carbon-emissions-historical-and-projected url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/carbon-emissions-historical-and-projected usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Some of the many processes often included in models of the Earth’s climate system. (Figure source: Karl and Trenberth 200301812ac1-5424-4d88-ba1a-8dd40acd29c3).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2013-08-13T17:12:39 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/modeling-the-climate-system.yaml identifier: modeling-the-climate-system lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 24 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Karl and Trenberth 200301812ac1-5424-4d88-ba1a-8dd40acd29c3' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Modeling the Climate System uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/modeling-the-climate-system url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/modeling-climate-system usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Top: Illustration of the eastern North American topography in a resolution of 68 x 68 miles (110 x 110 km). Bottom: Illustration of the eastern North American topography in a resolution of 19 x 19 miles (30 x 30 km).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2012-12-20T16:05:28 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/increasing-model-resolution.yaml identifier: increasing-model-resolution lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 25 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Increasing Model Resolution uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/increasing-model-resolution url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/increasing-model-resolution usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The development of climate models over the last 35 years showing how the different components were coupled into comprehensive climate models over time. In each aspect (for example, the atmosphere, which comprises a wide range of atmospheric processes) the complexity and range of processes has increased over time (illustrated by growing cylinders). Note that during the same time the horizontal and vertical resolution has increased considerably. (Figure source: adapted from Cubasch et al. 2013559102a8-1511-4050-ab53-58c3d8c04869).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2014-04-03T14:52:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/increasing-climate-model-components.yaml identifier: increasing-climate-model-components lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 26 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'adapted from Cubasch et al. 2013559102a8-1511-4050-ab53-58c3d8c04869' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Increasing Climate Model Components uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/increasing-climate-model-components url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/increasing-climate-model-components usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Geographic distribution of linear trends in the U.S. Historical Climatology Network for the period 1895-2011. (Figure source: updated from Menne et al. 20099a18ff0d-ad2f-4176-856c-d54aea0a92e1).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2012-12-20T16:18:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/trends-in-maximum-and-minimum-temperatures.yaml identifier: trends-in-maximum-and-minimum-temperatures lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 27 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'updated from Menne et al. 20099a18ff0d-ad2f-4176-856c-d54aea0a92e1' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Trends in Maximum and Minimum Temperatures uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/trends-in-maximum-and-minimum-temperatures url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/trends-maximum-and-minimum-temperatures usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Continental U.S. seasonal temperatures (relative to the 1901-1960 average) for winter, spring, summer, and fall all show evidence of increasing trends. Dashed lines show the linear trends. Stronger trends are seen in winter and spring as compared to summer and fall. (Figure source: updated from Kunkel et al. 20130ebef171-4903-4aa6-b436-2936da69f84e).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2013-07-01T10:31:52 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/us-seasonal-temperatures.yaml identifier: us-seasonal-temperatures lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 28 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'updated from Kunkel et al. 20130ebef171-4903-4aa6-b436-2936da69f84e' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: U.S. Seasonal Temperatures uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/us-seasonal-temperatures url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/us-seasonal-temperatures usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The duration, or number of days, of ice cover on Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, has decreased over time. The 10 longest ice seasons are marked by blue circles, and the 11 shortest ice seasons are marked by red circles. Seven of the 10 shortest ice cover seasons have occurred since 1980. (Figure source: Kunkel et al. 201395f2ea7d-12e3-4ed5-9247-7cf139db91a9).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2012-12-28T11:22:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/ice-cover-on-lake-mendota.yaml identifier: ice-cover-on-lake-mendota lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 29 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Kunkel et al. 201395f2ea7d-12e3-4ed5-9247-7cf139db91a9' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Ice Cover on Lake Mendota uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/ice-cover-on-lake-mendota url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/ice-cover-lake-mendota usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'At many locations in the western U.S., the timing of streamflow in rivers fed by snowpack is shifting to earlier in the year. Red dots indicate stream gauge locations where half of the annual flow is now arriving anywhere from 5 to 20 days earlier each year for 2001-2010, relative to the 1951-2000 average. Blue dots indicate locations where the annual flow is now arriving later. Crosses indicate locations where observed changes are not statistically different from the past century baseline at 90% confidence levels, diamonds indicate gauges where the timing difference was significantly different at 90% confidence, and dots indicate gauges where timing was different at 95% confidence level. (Updated from Stewart et al. 2005).e4a5a03e-0138-4ebb-98ad-6fb28ec56be5' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2013-10-23T11:15:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/streamflow-from-snowmelt-coming-earlier-in-the-year.yaml identifier: streamflow-from-snowmelt-coming-earlier-in-the-year lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 30 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Streamflow from Snowmelt Coming Earlier in the Year uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/streamflow-from-snowmelt-coming-earlier-in-the-year url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/streamflow-snowmelt-coming-earlier-year usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The map on the left shows the change in Plant Hardiness Zones calculated from those based on the 1971-2000 climate to those based on the 1981-2010 climate. Even greater changes are projected over the next 30 years (right). (Figure source: NOAA).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2013-05-06T16:04:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/shifts-in-plant-hardiness-zones.yaml identifier: shifts-in-plant-hardiness-zones lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 31 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Shifts in Plant Hardiness Zones uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/shifts-in-plant-hardiness-zones url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/shifts-plant-hardiness-zones usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Heavy downpours are increasing nationally, with especially large increases in the Midwest and Northeast.0ebef171-4903-4aa6-b436-2936da69f84e Despite considerable decadal-scale natural variability, indices such as this one based on 2-day precipitation totals exceeding a threshold for a 1-in-5-year occurrence exhibit a greater than normal occurrence of extreme events since 1991 in all U.S. regions except Alaska and Hawai ‘ i. Each bar represents that decade’s average, while the far right bar in each graph represents the average for the 12-year period of 2001-2012. Analysis is based on 726 long-term, quality-controlled station records. This figure is a regional expansion of the national index in Figure 2.16 of Chapter 2. (Figure source: updated from Kunkel et al. 20130ebef171-4903-4aa6-b436-2936da69f84e).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2013-07-02T13:05:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/app-extreme-precipitation.yaml identifier: app-extreme-precipitation lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 32 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'updated from Kunkel et al. 20130ebef171-4903-4aa6-b436-2936da69f84e' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Extreme Precipitation uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/app-extreme-precipitation url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/extreme-precipitation usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: The area of the western U.S. in moderately to extremely dry conditions during summer (June-July-August) varies greatly from year to year but shows a long-term increasing trend from 1900 to 2012. (Data from NOAA NCDC State of the Climate Drought analysis). chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2013-08-16T14:47:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/percent-of-west-in-summer-drought.yaml identifier: percent-of-west-in-summer-drought lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 33 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC State of the Climate Drought analysis submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Percent of West in Summer Drought uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/percent-of-west-in-summer-drought url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/percent-west-summer-drought usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Although the average number of wildfires per year (black line) has decreased over time, the total area burned by wildfires (orange bars) in the continental U.S. (primarily in the western states) has nearly doubled since 2000 relative to the long-term 1960-1999 average (data shown are for 1960-2011). (Data from the National Interagency Fire Center).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2013-06-04T13:48:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/changing-forest-fires-in-the-us.yaml identifier: changing-forest-fires-in-the-us lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 34 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: the National Interagency Fire Center submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Changing Forest Fires in the U.S. uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/changing-forest-fires-in-the-us url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/changing-forest-fires-us usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The fractional areal extent of the contiguous U.S. and Mexico in extreme drought according to projections of the Palmer Drought Severity Index under an intermediate emissions scenario (SRES A1B, in between the B1 and A2 scenarios used elsewhere in this report) (Supplemental Message 5 and Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate, Key Message 3). The Palmer Drought Severity Index is the most widely used measure of drought, although it is more sensitive to temperature than other drought indices and may over-estimate the magnitude of drought increases. The red line is based on observed temperature and precipitation. The blue line is from the average of 19 different climate models. The gray lines in the background are individual results from over 70 different simulations from these models. These results suggest an increasing probability of agricultural drought over this century throughout most of the U.S. (Figure source: Wehner et al. 2011948ffa58-24f3-4129-90c3-8d49f3172f74).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2012-11-01T15:56:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/extreme-drought-in-the-us-and-mexico-past-and-future.yaml identifier: extreme-drought-in-the-us-and-mexico-past-and-future lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 35 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Wehner et al. 2011948ffa58-24f3-4129-90c3-8d49f3172f74' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Extreme Drought in the U.S. and Mexico, Past and Future' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/extreme-drought-in-the-us-and-mexico-past-and-future url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/extreme-drought-us-and-mexico-past-and-future usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Change in the number of consecutive dry days (days receiving less than 0.04 inches (1 mm) of precipitation) at the end of this century (2070-2099) relative to the end of last century (1971-2000) under the higher scenario, RCP 8.5. Stippling indicates areas where changes are consistent among at least 80% of the 25 models used in this analysis. (Supplemental Message 5 and Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate, Key Message 3). (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/change-in-maximum-number-of-consecutive-dry-days.yaml identifier: change-in-maximum-number-of-consecutive-dry-days lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 36 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Change in Maximum Number of Consecutive Dry Days uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/change-in-maximum-number-of-consecutive-dry-days url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/change-maximum-number-consecutive-dry-days usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The spatial extent of Arctic sea ice cover in September has decreased substantially in the past two decades, as shown in this pair of satellite images depicting sea ice concentrations. The reduction of September sea ice extent from 1992 (left) to 2012 (right) has been nearly 50%, or about 1.2 million square miles (3 million square kilometers), which is nearly one-third the area of the contiguous United States. (Figure source: University of Illinois, The Cryosphere Today9cb10eed-73cb-4531-85bd-0331f3a16f33; Data from the National Snow and Ice Data Center).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2013-11-10T13:49:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/arctic-sea-ice-decline.yaml identifier: arctic-sea-ice-decline lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 37 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'University of Illinois, The Cryosphere Today9cb10eed-73cb-4531-85bd-0331f3a16f33; Data from the National Snow and Ice Data Center' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Arctic Sea Ice Decline uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/arctic-sea-ice-decline url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/arctic-sea-ice-decline usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Ground temperatures at depths between 33 and 66 feet (10 and 20 meters) for boreholes across the circumpolar northern permafrost regions (Figure source: AMAP 20112ecb64ff-f4e0-4acd-b049-e5d04f44c57a).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2013-05-03T12:11:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/permafrost-temperatures-rising.yaml identifier: permafrost-temperatures-rising lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 38 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'AMAP 20112ecb64ff-f4e0-4acd-b049-e5d04f44c57a' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Permafrost Temperatures Rising uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/permafrost-temperatures-rising url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/permafrost-temperatures-rising usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Inputs of freshwater to the ocean from mountain glaciers, small ice caps, and the Greenland Ice Sheet have increased dramatically in the past two decades. The size of the circles in the figure is proportional to the five-year average freshwater contributions to the ocean from melting of land-based ice. The coloring indicates the relative contributions from the Greenland Ice Sheet (brown) and mountain glaciers from the Greenland periphery (orange), Iceland-Scandinavia-Svalbard (dark blue), the Canadian Arctic (yellow), southern Alaska (light blue), and the Russian Arctic (medium blue). The largest contributions from mountain glaciers have been from the Canadian Arctic and southern Alaska. Note that contributions from mass changes of the Greenland Ice Sheet are not available prior to the mid-1990s, but they are assumed to have been small during this earlier period because annual snow accumulation was in approximate balance with annual meltwater discharge. (Figure source: AMAP 20112ecb64ff-f4e0-4acd-b049-e5d04f44c57a).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2013-10-23T16:19:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/melting-of-arctic-landbased-ice.yaml identifier: melting-of-arctic-landbased-ice lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 39 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'AMAP 20112ecb64ff-f4e0-4acd-b049-e5d04f44c57a' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Melting of Arctic Land-based Ice uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/melting-of-arctic-landbased-ice url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/melting-arctic-land-based-ice usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Projections of contributions to sea level rise by 2100 for seven regions that include all Arctic glaciers. Projections are based on temperature and precipitation simulated by ten different global climate models from CMIP3. For each region, the estimates are shown in different colors corresponding to the ten different models. (Figure source: adapted from Radić and Hock 2011c426adb7-b055-4726-80f1-82d7846f46c0).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2013-10-29T12:41:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/melting-glaciers-lead-to-sea-level-rise.yaml identifier: melting-glaciers-lead-to-sea-level-rise lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 40 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'adapted from Radić and Hock 2011c426adb7-b055-4726-80f1-82d7846f46c0' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Melting Glaciers Lead to Sea Level Rise uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/melting-glaciers-lead-to-sea-level-rise url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/melting-glaciers-lead-sea-level-rise usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The patterns of sea level rise between 1993 and 2012 as measured by satellites. The complicated patterns are a reminder that sea levels do not rise uniformly.7b7ffcb0-766c-43b3-ac22-db29fbffef71 (Figure source: University of Colorado, Sea Level Research Group).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2013-10-23T16:04:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/sea-level-rise-19932012.yaml identifier: sea-level-rise-19932012 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 41 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'University of Colorado, Sea Level Research Group' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Sea Level Rise, 1993-2012' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/sea-level-rise-19932012 url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/sea-level-rise-1993-2012 usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Rate of local ice sheet mass loss (in inches of water-equivalent-height per year) from Greenland (left) and Antarctica (right) from 2003 to 2012. The GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellites measure changes in the pull of gravity over these two regions. As they lose ice to the oceans, the gravitational pull of Greenland and Antarctica is reduced. Analyses of GRACE data have now proven that both of the major ice sheets are currently contributing to global sea level rise due to ice loss. Over the periods plotted here, Greenland lost enough ice to raise sea level at a rate of 0.028 inches per year (0.72 mm/yr), and Antarctica lost ice at a rate that caused 0.0091 inches of sea level rise per year (0.24 mm/yr). (Figure source: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, (left) updated from Velicogna and Wahr 2013;b21d6677-8e22-4714-b8c3-9eac39a15cc0 (right) updated from Ivins et al. 2013 453ecdc3-bf9f-4e7a-b4d9-0a349a5a8c73).' chapter_identifier: appendix-climate-science-supplement create_dt: 2013-08-05T08:41:03 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/ice-loss-from-greenland-and-antarctica.yaml identifier: ice-loss-from-greenland-and-antarctica lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 42 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, (left) updated from Velicogna and Wahr 2013;b21d6677-8e22-4714-b8c3-9eac39a15cc0 (right) updated from Ivins et al. 2013 453ecdc3-bf9f-4e7a-b4d9-0a349a5a8c73' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Ice Loss from Greenland and Antarctica uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-climate-science-supplement/figure/ice-loss-from-greenland-and-antarctica url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/climate-science-supplement/graphics/ice-loss-greenland-and-antarctica usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-07-31T17:01:55 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/us-annual-temperature.yaml identifier: us-annual-temperature lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: U.S. Annual Temperature uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/us-annual-temperature url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/us-annual-average-temperature usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'These are just some of the many indicators measured globally over many decades that demonstrate that the Earth’s climate is warming. White arrows indicate increases, and black arrows show decreases. All the indicators expected to increase in a warming world are increasing, and all those expected to decrease in a warming world are decreasing. See Figure 3 for measurements showing these trends. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC; based on data updated from Kennedy et al. 20102).' chapter_identifier: appendix-faqs create_dt: 2013-10-21T13:19:02 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-ten-indicators-of-a-warming-world.yaml identifier: caq-ten-indicators-of-a-warming-world lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Ten Indicators of a Warming World uri: /report/nca3/chapter/appendix-faqs/figure/caq-ten-indicators-of-a-warming-world url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/appendices/faqs/graphics/ten-indicators-warming-world usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source.