@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix gcis: <http://data.globalchange.gov/gcis.owl#> .
@prefix cito: <http://purl.org/spar/cito/> .
@prefix biro: <http://purl.org/spar/biro/> .

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/finding/coastal-flooding-erosion-increasing>
   dcterms:identifier "coastal-flooding-erosion-increasing";
   gcis:findingNumber "20.4"^^xsd:string;
   gcis:findingStatement "Flooding and erosion in coastal areas are already occurring even at existing sea levels and damaging some California coastal areas during storms and extreme high tides. Sea level rise is projected to increase as Earth continues to warm, resulting in major damage as wind-driven waves ride upon higher seas and reach farther inland. "^^xsd:string;
   gcis:isFindingOf <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest>;
   gcis:isFindingOf <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3>;

## Properties of the finding:
   gcis:findingProcess "A central component of the assessment process was the Southwest Regional Climate assessment workshop that was held August 1-4, 2011, in Denver, CO with more than 80 participants in a series of scoping presentations and workshops.  The workshop began the process leading to a foundational Technical Input Report (TIR) report. The TIR consists of nearly 800 pages organized into 20 chapters that were assembled by 122 authors representing a wide range of inputs, including governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, tribes, and other entities. The report findings were described in a town hall meeting at the American Geophysical Union’s annual fall meeting in 2011, and feedback was collected and incorporated into the draft. \r\nThe chapter author team engaged in multiple technical discussions through more than 15 biweekly teleconferences that permitted a careful review of the foundational TIR and of approximately 125 additional technical inputs provided by the public, as well as the other published literature and professional judgment. The chapter author team then met at the University of Southern California on March 27-28, 2012, for expert deliberation of draft key messages by the authors. Each key message was defended before the entire author team prior to the key message being selected for inclusion. These discussions were supported by targeted consultation with additional experts by the lead author of each message, and they were based on criteria that help define “key vulnerabilities, which include magnitude, timing, persistence and reversibility, likelihood and confidence, potential for adaptation, distribution, and importance of the vulnerable system.”"^^xsd:string;
   
   gcis:descriptionOfEvidenceBase "The key message and supporting text summarizes extensive evidence documented in the Technical Input Report. Several studies document potential coastal flooding, erosion, and wind-driven wave damages in coastal areas of California due to sea level rise (for example, Bromirski et al. 2012; Heberger et al. 2011, and Revell et al. 2011). Global sea level has risen, and further rise of 1 to 4 feet is projected by 2100 (Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate, Key Message 10). \r\nAll of the scientific approaches to detecting sea level rise come to the conclusion that a warming planet will result in higher sea levels. In addition, numerous recent studies produce much higher sea level rise projections for the rest of this century as compared to the projections in the most recent report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for the rest of this century. \r\n"^^xsd:string;
   
   gcis:assessmentOfConfidenceBasedOnEvidence "Given the evidence, especially since the last IPCC report, there is very high confidence the sea level will continue to rise and that this will entail major damage to coastal regions in the Southwest. There is also very high confidence that flooding and erosion in coastal areas are already occurring even at existing sea levels and damaging some areas of the California coast during storms and extreme high tides.   "^^xsd:string;
   
   gcis:newInformationAndRemainingUncertainties "There is strong recent evidence from satellites such as GRACE and from direct observations that glaciers and ice caps worldwide are losing mass relatively rapidly, contributing to the recent increase in the observed rate of sea level rise. \r\nMajor uncertainties are associated with sea level rise projections, such as the behavior of ice sheets with global warming and the actual level of global warming that the Earth will experience in the future. Regional sea level rise projections are even more uncertain than the projections for global averages because local factors such as the steric component (changes in the volume of water with changes in temperature and salinity) of sea level rise at regional levels and the vertical movement of land have large uncertainties. However, it is virtually certain that sea levels will go up with a warming planet as demonstrated in the paleoclimatic record, modeling, and from basic physical arguments.\r\n"^^xsd:string;

   a gcis:Finding .

## This finding cites the following entities:


<http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/finding/coastal-flooding-erosion-increasing>
   cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/swccar-assessment-climate-change-in-southwest-us>;
   biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/17ad4429-1321-4e7c-9cd5-3554eb0c3b38>.

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/finding/coastal-flooding-erosion-increasing>
   cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1038/ngeo737>;
   biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/0c05253e-78bc-4ca2-80a9-468a42bf0060>.

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/finding/coastal-flooding-erosion-increasing>
   cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0315-2>;
   biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/d37ad258-9d4e-4e80-b99a-4ec70c2bd115>.

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/finding/coastal-flooding-erosion-increasing>
   cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nrc-sea-level-rise-2012>;
   biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/ecf211c8-9abc-46ce-bf79-4a12099b02df>.

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/finding/coastal-flooding-erosion-increasing>
   cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ipcc-ar4-wg2>;
   biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/580f7af6-b0eb-4ebb-8da4-ab0a0b8ef68b>.

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/finding/coastal-flooding-erosion-increasing>
   cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1073/pnas.1206785109>;
   biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/5a82ec8d-16e7-4089-b629-ffc99485ce17>.

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/finding/coastal-flooding-erosion-increasing>
   cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1126/science.1228102>;
   biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/17905d7b-119b-4447-98e2-f5c8b942b69c>.

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/finding/coastal-flooding-erosion-increasing>
   cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/cec-500-2012-011>;
   biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/5c646fe6-64d5-459a-8269-c9a994a640a6>.

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/finding/coastal-flooding-erosion-increasing>
   cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/noaa-techmemo-oar-cpo-1-2012>;
   biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/d8089822-678e-4834-a1ec-0dca1da35314>.

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/finding/coastal-flooding-erosion-increasing>
   cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.3189/002214311796406194>;
   biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/5b564190-3aa3-4704-ac92-a1d439727fea>.

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/finding/coastal-flooding-erosion-increasing>
   cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0308-1>;
   biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/fcb5af3b-0831-4b92-83c9-ef197f429982>.

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/southwest/finding/coastal-flooding-erosion-increasing>
   cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ipcc-ar4-wg2>;
   biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/3277e83c-e374-4ed5-b0a2-0adadfaf118d>.