--- - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Severe thunderstorms comprise an extreme class of deep convective clouds and produce high-impact weather such as destructive surface winds, hail, and tornadoes. This study addresses the question of how severe thunderstorm frequency in the United States might change because of enhanced global radiative forcing associated with elevated greenhouse gas concentrations. We use global climate models and a high-resolution regional climate model to examine the larger-scale (or “environmental”) meteorological conditions that foster severe thunderstorm formation. Across this model suite, we find a net increase during the late 21st century in the number of days in which these severe thunderstorm environmental conditions (NDSEV) occur. Attributed primarily to increases in atmospheric water vapor within the planetary boundary layer, the largest increases in NDSEV are shown during the summer season, in proximity to the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coastal regions. For example, this analysis suggests a future increase in NDSEV of 100% or more in locations such as Atlanta, GA, and New York, NY. Any direct application of these results to the frequency of actual storms also must consider the storm initiation. ' Author: "Trapp, R.J.\rDiffenbaugh, N.S.\rBrooks, H.E.\rBaldwin, M.E.\rRobinson, E.D.\rPal, J.S." DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705494104 ISSN: 0027-8424 Issue: 50 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Keywords: climate change; United States; convective storm Pages: 19719-19723 Title: Changes in severe thunderstorm environment frequency during the 21st century caused by anthropogenically enhanced global radiative forcing Volume: 104 Year: 2007 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3086 _uuid: 7ede85ab-94c5-46e3-8bb5-0d98844a98db reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.0705494104 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/7ede85ab-94c5-46e3-8bb5-0d98844a98db.yaml identifier: 7ede85ab-94c5-46e3-8bb5-0d98844a98db uri: /reference/7ede85ab-94c5-46e3-8bb5-0d98844a98db - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'September 2008 followed 2007 as the second sequential year with an extreme summer Arctic sea ice extent minimum. Although such a sea ice loss was not indicated until much later in the century in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4th Assessment Report, many models show an accelerating decline in the summer minimum sea ice extent during the 21st century. Using the observed 2007/2008 September sea ice extents as a starting point, we predict an expected value for a nearly sea ice free Arctic in September by the year 2037. The first quartile of the distribution for the timing of September sea ice loss will be reached by 2028. Our analysis is based on projections from six IPCC models, selected subject to an observational constraints. Uncertainty in the timing of a sea ice free Arctic in September is determined based on both within-model contributions from natural variability and between-model differences.' Author: "Wang, M.\rOverland, J.E." DOI: 10.1029/2009GL037820 ISSN: 0094-8276 Issue: 7 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Keywords: Arctic; Climate Data; climate models; Marine; sea ice Pages: L07502 Title: A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years? URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009GL037820/pdf Volume: 36 Year: 2009 _chapter: '["RG 7 Alaska","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Ch. 22: Alaska FINAL"]' _record_number: 3337 _uuid: 81dee494-06d2-4651-8ddb-f36f45dc5942 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2009GL037820 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/81dee494-06d2-4651-8ddb-f36f45dc5942.yaml identifier: 81dee494-06d2-4651-8ddb-f36f45dc5942 uri: /reference/81dee494-06d2-4651-8ddb-f36f45dc5942 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Temperature trends over 1979–2008 in the U.S. Historical Climatology Network (HCN) are compared with those in six recent atmospheric reanalyses. For the conterminous United States, the trend in the adjusted HCN (0.327 °C dec−1) is generally comparable to the ensemble mean of the reanalyses (0.342 °C dec−1). It is also well within the range of the reanalysis trend estimates (0.280 to 0.437 °C dec−1). The bias adjustments play a critical role, as the raw HCN dataset displays substantially less warming than all of the reanalyses. HCN has slightly lower maximum and minimum temperature trends than those reanalyses with hourly temporal resolution, suggesting the HCN adjustments may not fully compensate for recent non-climatic artifacts at some stations. Spatially, both the adjusted HCN and all of the reanalyses indicate widespread warming across the nation during the study period. Overall, the adjusted HCN is in broad agreement with the suite of reanalyses. ' Author: "Vose, R.S.\rApplequist, S.\rMenne, M.J.\rWilliams, C.N., Jr.\rThorne, P." DOI: 10.1029/2012GL051387 ISSN: 0094-8276 Issue: 10 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Pages: 6 Start Page: L10703 Title: An intercomparison of temperature trends in the US Historical Climatology Network and recent atmospheric reanalyses URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012GL051387/pdf Volume: 39 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 25: Coastal Zone FINAL","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]' _record_number: 3310 _uuid: 8243ec9e-5b70-4c53-a6bd-a8f41adb2d9c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2012GL051387 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/8243ec9e-5b70-4c53-a6bd-a8f41adb2d9c.yaml identifier: 8243ec9e-5b70-4c53-a6bd-a8f41adb2d9c uri: /reference/8243ec9e-5b70-4c53-a6bd-a8f41adb2d9c - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Fabry, V. J.\rJ.B. McClintock\rJ.T. Mathis\rJ.M. Grebmeier" DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2009.105 Issue: 4 Journal: Oceanography Keywords: Arctic; Marine; ocean acidification Pages: 160-171 Title: 'Ocean acidification at high latitudes: The bellwether' URL: http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/22-4_fabry.pdf Volume: 22 Year: 2009 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Ch. 22: Alaska FINAL"]' _record_number: 1204 _uuid: 843b91bd-a79c-4a3b-8511-37b69d27445f reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.5670/oceanog.2009.105 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/843b91bd-a79c-4a3b-8511-37b69d27445f.yaml identifier: 843b91bd-a79c-4a3b-8511-37b69d27445f uri: /reference/843b91bd-a79c-4a3b-8511-37b69d27445f - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Vecchi, Gabriel A.\rClement, Amy\rSoden, Brian J." DOI: 10.1029/2008EO090002 ISSN: 2324-9250 Issue: 9 Journal: 'Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union' Keywords: "3305 Climate change and variability\r3374 Tropical meteorology\r4504 Air/sea interactions" Pages: 81-83 Title: Examining the tropical Pacific's response to global warming Volume: 89 Year: 2008 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","RF 2"]' _record_number: 4373 _uuid: 85c9f14b-a5af-4384-b573-0a23b3ea167c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2008EO090002 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/85c9f14b-a5af-4384-b573-0a23b3ea167c.yaml identifier: 85c9f14b-a5af-4384-b573-0a23b3ea167c uri: /reference/85c9f14b-a5af-4384-b573-0a23b3ea167c - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Foster, G., \rS. Rahmstorf" DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044022 ISSN: 1748-9326 Issue: 4 Journal: Environmental Research Letters Pages: 044022 Title: Global temperature evolution 1979-2010 URL: http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/6/4/044022/pdf/1748-9326_6_4_044022.pdf Volume: 6 Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Ch. 24: Oceans FINAL","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 787 _uuid: 88527457-07b8-49e3-8547-f5b113bdb3ef reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044022 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/88527457-07b8-49e3-8547-f5b113bdb3ef.yaml identifier: 88527457-07b8-49e3-8547-f5b113bdb3ef uri: /reference/88527457-07b8-49e3-8547-f5b113bdb3ef - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "McNider, R.T.\rSteeneveld, G.J.\rHoltslag, A.A.M.\rPielke, R.A., Sr.\rMackaro, S.\rPour-Biazar, A.\rWalters, J.\rNair, U.\rChristy, J." DOI: 10.1029/2012JD017578 ISSN: 0148-0227 Issue: D14 Journal: Journal of Geophysical Research Pages: D14106 Title: Response and sensitivity of the nocturnal boundary layer over land to added longwave radiative forcing URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012JD017578/pdf Volume: 117 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]' _record_number: 1966 _uuid: 8852d633-8994-4776-83f6-4cd5479e96db reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2012JD017578 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/8852d633-8994-4776-83f6-4cd5479e96db.yaml identifier: 8852d633-8994-4776-83f6-4cd5479e96db uri: /reference/8852d633-8994-4776-83f6-4cd5479e96db - attrs: .publisher: American Meteorological Society .reference_type: 0 Access Date: 2013/06/06 Author: "Sun, Ying\rSolomon, Susan\rDai, Aiguo\rPortmann, Robert W." DOI: 10.1175/jcli4263.1 Date: 2007/10/01 ISSN: 0894-8755 Issue: 19 Journal: Journal of Climate Pages: 4801-4818 Title: How often will it rain? URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/JCLI4263.1 Volume: 20 Year: 2007 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3694 _uuid: 88acc3a4-220a-4a63-9770-7ca3cf1c06c9 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/jcli4263.1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/88acc3a4-220a-4a63-9770-7ca3cf1c06c9.yaml identifier: 88acc3a4-220a-4a63-9770-7ca3cf1c06c9 uri: /reference/88acc3a4-220a-4a63-9770-7ca3cf1c06c9 - attrs: .publisher: 'Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.' .reference_type: 0 Author: "Huber, Markus\rKnutti, Reto" DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1327 Date: January 2012 Epub Date: December 2011 ISSN: 1752-0894 Issue: 1 Journal: Nature Geoscience Pages: 31-36 Title: Anthropogenic and natural warming inferred from changes in Earth's energy balance URL: http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v5/n1/pdf/ngeo1327.pdf Volume: 5 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Appendix 4: FAQs FINAL","NCA Report Citations"]' _record_number: 4427 _uuid: 89032706-9386-44b8-94a9-60ec5ed95594 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/ngeo1327 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/89032706-9386-44b8-94a9-60ec5ed95594.yaml identifier: 89032706-9386-44b8-94a9-60ec5ed95594 uri: /reference/89032706-9386-44b8-94a9-60ec5ed95594 - attrs: .publisher: Nature Publishing Group .reference_type: 0 Author: 'PAGES 2K Consortium,' DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1797 ISSN: 1752-0894 Issue: 5 Journal: Nature Geoscience Pages: 339-346 Title: Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia Type of Article: Progress Article Volume: 6 Year: 2013 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]' _record_number: 4263 _uuid: 89469262-7861-4aae-b33d-f8642174250e reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/ngeo1797 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/89469262-7861-4aae-b33d-f8642174250e.yaml identifier: 89469262-7861-4aae-b33d-f8642174250e uri: /reference/89469262-7861-4aae-b33d-f8642174250e - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Access Year: 2013 Author: 'NOAA, ' Publisher: 'National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ' Title: Billion Dollar Weather/Climate Disasters URL: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions Year: 2013 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","RF 2","Ch. 4: Energy Supply and Use FINAL"]' _record_number: 2240 _uuid: 8949c886-8b4a-4845-9acf-1047f829c0ea reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/6312fe4d-7d71-48a8-94e0-b86dce958a4f href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/8949c886-8b4a-4845-9acf-1047f829c0ea.yaml identifier: 8949c886-8b4a-4845-9acf-1047f829c0ea uri: /reference/8949c886-8b4a-4845-9acf-1047f829c0ea - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Francis, J.A.; Vavrus, S.J.' DOI: 10.1029/2012GL051000 ISSN: 1944-8007 Issue: 6 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Pages: L06801 Title: Evidence linking Arctic amplification to extreme weather in mid-latitudes URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012GL051000/pdf Volume: 39 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 16: Northeast FINAL","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL","RF 1","Ch. 22: Alaska FINAL"]' _record_number: 665 _uuid: 8a57a9b0-a2cb-4ce7-b603-2cf81dc20736 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2012GL051000 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/8a57a9b0-a2cb-4ce7-b603-2cf81dc20736.yaml identifier: 8a57a9b0-a2cb-4ce7-b603-2cf81dc20736 uri: /reference/8a57a9b0-a2cb-4ce7-b603-2cf81dc20736 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 .text_styles: '' Abstract: 'Water column pH and carbonate mineral saturation states were calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity data collected over the eastern Bering Sea shelf in the spring and summer of 2008. The saturation states (Ω) of the two most important carbonate minerals, calcite (Ωcalcite) and aragonite (Ωaragonite) were strongly coupled to terrestrial runoff from the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, primary production in the surface waters, and remineralization of organic matter at depth over the shelf. In spring, before ice melt occurred, pH over the shelf was largely confined to a range of 7.9–8.1 and Ωcalcite and Ωaragonite ranged from 1.5 to 3.0 and 0.8 to 2.0, respectively. At the stations closest to river outflows, aragonite was undersaturated in the water column from the surface to the bottom. During the summer sea ice retreat, high rates of primary production consumed DIC in the mixed layer, which increased pH and Ωcalcite and Ωaragonite. However, Ωcalcite and Ωaragonite decreased by ∼0.3 in the bottom waters over the middle and outer shelf. Over the northern shelf, where export production is highest, Ωaragonite decreased by ∼0.35 and became highly undersaturated. The observed suppression and undersaturation of Ωcalcite and Ωaragonite in the eastern Bering Sea are correlated with anthropogenic carbon dioxide uptake into the ocean and will likely be exacerbated under business-as-usual emission scenarios. Therefore, ocean acidification could threaten some benthic and pelagic calcifying organisms across the Bering Sea shelf in the coming decades. ' Author: "Mathis, J.T.\rCross, J.N.\rBates, N.R." DOI: 10.1029/2010JC006453 ISSN: 0148-0227 Issue: C2 Journal: Journal of Geophysical Research Keywords: Bering Sea; ocean acidification; carbon biogeochemistry; carbonate mineral saturation states Pages: C02030 Title: Coupling primary production and terrestrial runoff to ocean acidification and carbonate mineral suppression in the eastern Bering Sea URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2010JC006453/pdf Volume: 116 Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 1907 _uuid: 8b6872ff-2751-40e4-8da2-cac25d6d3daf reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2010JC006453 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/8b6872ff-2751-40e4-8da2-cac25d6d3daf.yaml identifier: 8b6872ff-2751-40e4-8da2-cac25d6d3daf uri: /reference/8b6872ff-2751-40e4-8da2-cac25d6d3daf - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: "We propose a simple relationship linking global sea-level variations on time scales of decades to centuries to global mean temperature. This relationship is tested on synthetic data from a global climate model for the past millennium and the next century. When applied to observed data of sea level and temperature for 1880-2000, and taking into account known anthropogenic hydrologic contributions to sea level, the correlation is >0.99, explaining 98% of the variance. For future global temperature scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report, the relationship projects a sea-level rise ranging from 75 to 190 cm for the period 1990-2100." Accession Number: ISI:000272994200014 Alternate Journal: P Natl Acad Sci USA Author: "Vermeer, M.\rRahmstorf, S." Author Address: 'Vermeer, M; Helsinki Univ Technol, Dept Surveying, POB 1200, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland; Helsinki Univ Technol, Dept Surveying, POB 1200, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland; Helsinki Univ Technol, Dept Surveying, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland; Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany' DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0907765106 Date: Dec 22 ISSN: 0027-8424 Issue: 51 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Keywords: global warming; projections; climate; ocean; rise; millennium; model Language: English Notes: 535TM; Times Cited:68; Cited References Count:26 Pages: 21527-21532 Title: Global sea level linked to global temperature Volume: 106 Year: 2009 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3288 _uuid: 91591513-1cd5-4997-82a9-2843f3a69a22 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.0907765106 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/91591513-1cd5-4997-82a9-2843f3a69a22.yaml identifier: 91591513-1cd5-4997-82a9-2843f3a69a22 uri: /reference/91591513-1cd5-4997-82a9-2843f3a69a22 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Gillett, N.P.\rArora, V.K.\rFlato, G.M.\rScinocca, J.F.\rvon Salzen, K." DOI: 10.1029/2011GL050226 ISSN: 1944-8007 Issue: L01704 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Pages: 5 Title: Improved constraints on 21st-century warming derived using 160 years of temperature observations URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2011GL050226/pdf Volume: 39 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 934 _uuid: 926c4c11-d896-488e-8c7c-3930fe978424 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2011GL050226 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/926c4c11-d896-488e-8c7c-3930fe978424.yaml identifier: 926c4c11-d896-488e-8c7c-3930fe978424 uri: /reference/926c4c11-d896-488e-8c7c-3930fe978424 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Using the Palmer drought severity index, the ability of 19 state-of-the-art climate models to reproduce observed statistics of drought over North America is examined. It is found that correction of substantial biases in the models’ surface air temperature and precipitation fields is necessary. However, even after a bias correction, there are significant differences in the models’ ability to reproduce observations. Using metrics based on the ability to reproduce observed temporal and spatial patterns of drought, the relationship between model performance in simulating present-day drought characteristics and their differences in projections of future drought changes is investigated. It is found that all models project increases in future drought frequency and severity. However, using the metrics presented here to increase confidence in the multimodel projection is complicated by a correlation between models’ drought metric skill and climate sensitivity. The effect of this sampling error can be removed by changing how the projection is presented, from a projection based on a specific time interval to a projection based on a specified temperature change. This modified class of projections has reduced intermodel uncertainty and could be suitable for a wide range of climate change impacts projections.' Author: "Wehner, M.\rEasterling, D.R.\rLawrimore, J.H.\rHeim Jr, R.R.\rVose, R.S.\rSanter, B.D." DOI: 10.1175/2011JHM1351.1 ISSN: 1525-7541 Issue: 6 Journal: Journal of Hydrometeorology Keywords: 'Drought, ; North America, ; Climate models, ; Climate change' Pages: 1359-1377 Title: Projections of future drought in the continental United States and Mexico URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2011JHM1351.1 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Ch. 3: Water Resources FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]' _record_number: 3375 _uuid: 948ffa58-24f3-4129-90c3-8d49f3172f74 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/2011JHM1351.1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/948ffa58-24f3-4129-90c3-8d49f3172f74.yaml identifier: 948ffa58-24f3-4129-90c3-8d49f3172f74 uri: /reference/948ffa58-24f3-4129-90c3-8d49f3172f74 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Church, J.A.\rWhite, N.J." DOI: 10.1007/s10712-011-9119-1 ISSN: 0169-3298 Issue: 4-5 Journal: Surveys in Geophysics Pages: 585-602 Title: Sea-level rise from the late 19th to the early 21st century Volume: 32 Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Appendix 5: Scenarios FINAL","Ch. 24: Oceans FINAL","RF 3","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","RF 11","Ch. 23: Hawaii FINAL"]' _record_number: 1512 _uuid: 94a8514e-063e-45ef-b893-11c82b49a597 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10712-011-9119-1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/94a8514e-063e-45ef-b893-11c82b49a597.yaml identifier: 94a8514e-063e-45ef-b893-11c82b49a597 uri: /reference/94a8514e-063e-45ef-b893-11c82b49a597 - attrs: .publisher: AGU .reference_type: 0 Abstract: "We review the sea-level and energy budgets together from 1961, using recent and updated estimates of all terms. From 1972 to 2008, the observed sea-level rise (1.8 ± 0.2 mm yr−1 from tide gauges alone and 2.1 ± 0.2 mm yr−1 from a combination of tide gauges and altimeter observations) agrees well with the sum of contributions (1.8 ± 0.4 mm yr−1) in magnitude and with both having similar increases in the rate of rise during the period. The largest contributions come from ocean thermal expansion (0.8 mm yr−1) and the melting of glaciers and ice caps (0.7 mm yr−1), with Greenland and Antarctica contributing about 0.4 mm yr−1. The cryospheric contributions increase through the period (particularly in the 1990s) but the thermosteric contribution increases less rapidly. We include an improved estimate of aquifer depletion (0.3 mm yr−1), partially offsetting the retention of water in dams and giving a total terrestrial storage contribution of −0.1 mm yr−1. Ocean warming (90% of the total of the Earth's energy increase) continues through to the end of the record, in agreement with continued greenhouse gas forcing. The aerosol forcing, inferred as a residual in the atmospheric energy balance, is estimated as −0.8 ± 0.4 W m−2 for the 1980s and early 1990s. It increases in the late 1990s, as is required for consistency with little surface warming over the last decade. This increase is likely at least partially related to substantial increases in aerosol emissions from developing nations and moderate volcanic activity." Author: "Church, J. A.\rWhite, N.J.\rKonikow, L.F.\rDomingues, C.M.\rCogley, J.G.\rRignot, E.\rGregory, J.M.\rvan den Broeke, M.R.\rMonaghan, A.J.\rVelicogna, I." DOI: 10.1029/2011GL048794 ISSN: 0094-8276 Issue: 18 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Keywords: 'aerosol; energy budget; sea level; 0720 Cryosphere: Glaciers; 0726 Cryosphere: Ice sheets; 1641 Global Change: Sea level change (1222, 1225, 4304, 4556); 4556 Oceanography: Physical: Sea level: variations and mean (1222, 1225, 1641)' Pages: L18601 Title: Revisiting the Earth’s sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 _chapter: '["RF 3","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]' _record_number: 1454 _uuid: 94bb1e23-8dcb-42ba-87e9-6ba5119e1984 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2011GL048794 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/94bb1e23-8dcb-42ba-87e9-6ba5119e1984.yaml identifier: 94bb1e23-8dcb-42ba-87e9-6ba5119e1984 uri: /reference/94bb1e23-8dcb-42ba-87e9-6ba5119e1984 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Laxon, Seymour W.\rGiles, Katharine A.\rRidout, Andy L.\rWingham, Duncan J.\rWillatt, Rosemary\rCullen, Robert\rKwok, Ron\rSchweiger, Axel\rZhang, Jinlun\rHaas, Christian\rHendricks, Stefan\rKrishfield, Richard\rKurtz, Nathan\rFarrell, Sinead\rDavidson, Malcolm" DOI: 10.1002/grl.50193 ISSN: 1944-8007 Issue: 4 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Keywords: "Sea Ice\rVolume\rCryoSat\rAltimetry\r0750 Sea ice\r1240 Satellite geodesy: results\r1621 Cryospheric change" Pages: 732-737 Title: CryoSat-2 estimates of Arctic sea ice thickness and volume Volume: 40 Year: 2013 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 4366 _uuid: 9711729f-6cbd-466e-bd66-6a9d955d0a13 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/grl.50193 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/9711729f-6cbd-466e-bd66-6a9d955d0a13.yaml identifier: 9711729f-6cbd-466e-bd66-6a9d955d0a13 uri: /reference/9711729f-6cbd-466e-bd66-6a9d955d0a13 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Because sea level could rise 1 m or more during the next century, it is important to understand what land, communities and assets may be most at risk from increased flooding and eventual submersion. Employing a recent high-resolution edition of the National Elevation Dataset and using VDatum, a newly available tidal model covering the contiguous US, together with data from the 2010 Census, we quantify low-lying coastal land, housing and population relative to local mean high tide levels, which range from ~0 to 3 m in elevation (North American Vertical Datum of 1988). Previous work at regional to national scales has sometimes equated elevation with the amount of sea level rise, leading to underestimated risk anywhere where the mean high tide elevation exceeds 0 m, and compromising comparisons across regions with different tidal levels. Using our tidally adjusted approach, we estimate the contiguous US population living on land within 1 m of high tide to be 3.7 million. In 544 municipalities and 38 counties, we find that over 10% of the population lives below this line; all told, some 2150 towns and cities have some degree of exposure. At the state level, Florida, Louisiana, California, New York and New Jersey have the largest sub-meter populations. We assess topographic susceptibility of land, housing and population to sea level rise for all coastal states, counties and municipalities, from 0 to 6 m above mean high tide, and find important threat levels for widely distributed communities of every size. We estimate that over 22.9 million Americans live on land within 6 m of local mean high tide.' Author: "Strauss, B.H.\rZiemlinski, R.\rWeiss, J.L.\rOverpeck, J.T." DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014033 Issue: 1 Journal: Environmental Research Letters Pages: 014033 Title: Tidally adjusted estimates of topographic vulnerability to sea level rise and flooding for the contiguous United States Volume: 7 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 25: Coastal Zone FINAL","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","RG 2 Southeast","Ch. 17: Southeast and Caribbean FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL","Ch. 21: Northwest FINAL"]' _record_number: 2974 _uuid: 97387e44-8bfc-413a-948c-e6dc67f5e7cd reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014033 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/97387e44-8bfc-413a-948c-e6dc67f5e7cd.yaml identifier: 97387e44-8bfc-413a-948c-e6dc67f5e7cd uri: /reference/97387e44-8bfc-413a-948c-e6dc67f5e7cd