--- - attrs: .publisher: American Meteorological Society .reference_type: 0 Access Date: 2013/06/06 Author: "Gutowski, W. J.\rTakle, E. S.\rKozak, K. A.\rPatton, J. C.\rArritt, R. W.\rChristensen, J. H." DOI: 10.1175/2007jhm817.1 Date: 2007/12/01 ISSN: 1525-755X Issue: 6 Journal: Journal of Hydrometeorology Pages: 1382-1396 Title: A possible constraint on regional precipitation intensity changes under global warming URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2007JHM817.1 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3693 _uuid: 67698645-2640-4f83-9c78-56fd8dd26265 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/2007jhm817.1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/67698645-2640-4f83-9c78-56fd8dd26265.yaml identifier: 67698645-2640-4f83-9c78-56fd8dd26265 uri: /reference/67698645-2640-4f83-9c78-56fd8dd26265 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Sillmann, J.\rKharin, V. V.\rZwiers, F. W.\rZhang, X.\rBronaugh, D." DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50188 ISSN: 2169-8996 Issue: 6 Journal: 'Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres' Keywords: "climate change\rextreme events\rtemperature\rprecipitation\rglobal climate models\r1610 Atmosphere\r1626 Global climate models\r3305 Climate change and variability\r4313 Extreme events\r4321 Climate impact" Pages: 2473-2493 Title: 'Climate extremes indices in the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble: Part 2. Future climate projections' URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jgrd.50188/pdf Volume: 118 Year: 2013 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3695 _uuid: 68c9d1ed-fd78-4967-b47d-2504ac27b649 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/jgrd.50188 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/68c9d1ed-fd78-4967-b47d-2504ac27b649.yaml identifier: 68c9d1ed-fd78-4967-b47d-2504ac27b649 uri: /reference/68c9d1ed-fd78-4967-b47d-2504ac27b649 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Recent measurements demonstrate that the “background” stratospheric aerosol layer is persistently variable rather than constant, even in the absence of major volcanic eruptions. Several independent data sets show that stratospheric aerosols have increased in abundance since 2000. Near-global satellite aerosol data imply a negative radiative forcing due to stratospheric aerosol changes over this period of about –0.1 watt per square meter, reducing the recent global warming that would otherwise have occurred. Observations from earlier periods are limited but suggest an additional negative radiative forcing of about –0.1 watt per square meter from 1960 to 1990. Climate model projections neglecting these changes would continue to overestimate the radiative forcing and global warming in coming decades if these aerosols remain present at current values or increase.' Author: "Solomon, S.\rDaniel, J. S.\rNeely, R. R.\rVernier, J.-P.\rDutton, E. G.\rThomason, L. W." DOI: 10.1126/science.1206027 Date: 'August 12, 2011' ISSN: 0036-8075 Issue: 6044 Journal: Science Pages: 866-870 Title: The persistently variable “background” stratospheric aerosol layer and global climate change Volume: 333 Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3750 _uuid: 68ed7f36-71e5-40c5-9e73-da8891984167 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.1206027 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/68ed7f36-71e5-40c5-9e73-da8891984167.yaml identifier: 68ed7f36-71e5-40c5-9e73-da8891984167 uri: /reference/68ed7f36-71e5-40c5-9e73-da8891984167 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Booth, B.B.B.\rDunstone, N.J.\rHalloran, P.R.\rAndrews, T.\rBellouin, N." DOI: 10.1038/nature10946 ISSN: 0028-0836 Journal: Nature Pages: 228-232 Title: Aerosols implicated as a prime driver of twentieth-century North Atlantic climate variability Volume: 484 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 53 _uuid: 69a595e8-949e-4e10-8711-a97675bfcf4d reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nature10946 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/69a595e8-949e-4e10-8711-a97675bfcf4d.yaml identifier: 69a595e8-949e-4e10-8711-a97675bfcf4d uri: /reference/69a595e8-949e-4e10-8711-a97675bfcf4d - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Recently documented trends in the existing records of hurricane intensity and their relationship to increasing sea surface temperatures suggest that hurricane intensity may be increasing due to global warming. However, it is presently being argued that the existing global hurricane records are too inconsistent to accurately measure trends. As a first step in addressing this debate, we constructed a more homogeneous global record of hurricane intensity and found that previously documented trends in some ocean basins are well supported, but in others the existing records contain trends that may be inflated or spurious.' Accession Number: 125 Author: "Kossin, J.P.\rK.R. Knapp\rD.J. Vimont\rR.J. Murnane\rB.A. Harper" Author Address: 'Kossin, JP (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA; NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA; Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Bermuda Inst Ocean Sci, Risk Predict Initiat, Garrett Pk, MD 20896 USA; Syst Engn Australia Pty Ltd, Bridgeman Downs, Qld 4035, Australia' DOI: 10.1029/2006GL028836 Date: FEB 28 2007 ISSN: 1944-8007 Issue: 4 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Keywords: TROPICAL CYCLONES; INTENSITY; INCREASE Language: English Pages: L04815 Title: A globally consistent reanalysis of hurricane variability and trends URL: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2006GL028836.shtml Volume: 34 Year: 2007 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]' _record_number: 795 _uuid: 6d2920f6-f06d-41fd-83e7-1fd61c40ae49 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2006GL028836 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/6d2920f6-f06d-41fd-83e7-1fd61c40ae49.yaml identifier: 6d2920f6-f06d-41fd-83e7-1fd61c40ae49 uri: /reference/6d2920f6-f06d-41fd-83e7-1fd61c40ae49 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Water vapour is the most important contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, and the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere is expected to increase under conditions of greenhouse-gas-induced warming, leading to a significant feedback on anthropogenic climate change(1-3). Theoretical and modelling studies predict that relative humidity will remain approximately constant at the global scale as the climate warms, leading to an increase in specific humidity(1,4,5). Although significant increases in surface specific humidity have been identified in several regions(6-9), and on the global scale in non-homogenized data(10), it has not been shown whether these changes are due to natural or human influences on climate. Here we use a new quality-controlled and homogenized gridded observational data set of surface humidity, with output from a coupled climate model, to identify and explore the causes of changes in surface specific humidity over the late twentieth century. We identify a significant global-scale increase in surface specific humidity that is attributable mainly to human influence. Specific humidity is found to have increased in response to rising temperatures, with relative humidity remaining approximately constant. These changes may have important implications, because atmospheric humidity is a key variable in determining the geographical distribution(11-13) and maximum intensity(14) of precipitation, the potential maximum intensity of tropical cyclones(15), and human heat stress(16), and has important effects on the biosphere(17) and surface hydrology(17,18).' Accession Number: 35 Author: "Willett, K.M.\rGillett, N.P.\rJones, P.D.\rThorne, P.W." Author Address: 'Gillett, NP (reprint author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England; Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England; Met Off, Hadley Ctr, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England' DOI: 10.1038/nature06207 Date: OCT 11 2007 ISSN: 0028-0836 Issue: 7163 Journal: Nature Keywords: RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; WATER-VAPOR; TEMPERATURE; TRENDS; CLIMATOLOGY; MODEL; VARIABILITY; ICOADS; CYCLE Language: English Pages: 710-712 Title: Attribution of observed surface humidity changes to human influence Volume: 449 Year: 2007 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]' _record_number: 3433 _uuid: 6e726151-1805-4e14-9210-0b81a99844ac reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nature06207 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/6e726151-1805-4e14-9210-0b81a99844ac.yaml identifier: 6e726151-1805-4e14-9210-0b81a99844ac uri: /reference/6e726151-1805-4e14-9210-0b81a99844ac - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Wang, M.\rOverland, J.E." DOI: 10.1029/2012GL052868 ISSN: 1944-8007 Issue: 18 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Keywords: "Arctic\rCMIP5\rclimate projections\rsea ice\r0750 Sea ice\r1616 Climate variability\r1621 Cryospheric change\r1626 Global climate models\r9315 Arctic region" Pages: L18501 Title: 'A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years: An update from CMIP5 models' URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012GL052868/pdf Volume: 39 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 24: Oceans FINAL","Ch. 12: Indigenous FINAL","RG 7 Alaska","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Ch. 1: Overview FINAL","Ch. 22: Alaska FINAL"]' _record_number: 3659 _uuid: 6e730a84-66a2-4e74-96cb-c9e6824cf185 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2012GL052868 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/6e730a84-66a2-4e74-96cb-c9e6824cf185.yaml identifier: 6e730a84-66a2-4e74-96cb-c9e6824cf185 uri: /reference/6e730a84-66a2-4e74-96cb-c9e6824cf185 - attrs: .publisher: Springer Netherlands .reference_type: 0 Alternate Journal: Climatic Change Author: "Ashley, Walker S.\rBentley, Mace L.\rStallins, J. Anthony" DOI: 10.1007/s10584-011-0324-1 Date: 2012/07/01 ISSN: 0165-0009 Issue: 2 Journal: Climatic Change Language: English Pages: 481-498 Title: Urban-induced thunderstorm modification in the Southeast United States Volume: 113 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3708 _uuid: 6e7498ed-db7b-4997-b4b1-f3c0a7e70777 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-011-0324-1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/6e7498ed-db7b-4997-b4b1-f3c0a7e70777.yaml identifier: 6e7498ed-db7b-4997-b4b1-f3c0a7e70777 uri: /reference/6e7498ed-db7b-4997-b4b1-f3c0a7e70777 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fourth assessment report, published in 2007 came to a more confident assessment of the causes of global temperature change than previous reports and concluded that ‘it is likely that there has been significant anthropogenic warming over the past 50 years averaged over each continent except Antarctica.’ Since then, warming over Antarctica has also been attributed to human influence, and further evidence has accumulated attributing a much wider range of climate changes to human activities. Such changes are broadly consistent with theoretical understanding, and climate model simulations, of how the planet is expected to respond. This paper reviews this evidence from a regional perspective to reflect a growing interest in understanding the regional effects of climate change, which can differ markedly across the globe. We set out the methodological basis for detection and attribution and discuss the spatial scales on which it is possible to make robust attribution statements. We review the evidence showing significant human-induced changes in regional temperatures, and for the effects of external forcings on changes in the hydrological cycle, the cryosphere, circulation changes, oceanic changes, and changes in extremes. We then discuss future challenges for the science of attribution. To better assess the pace of change, and to understand more about the regional changes to which societies need to adapt, we will need to refine our understanding of the effects of external forcing and internal variability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website; There is a wealth of observational evidence that climate is changing and which led the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fourth assessment report (IPCC AR4) to conclude that warming of the climate system is unequivocal.1 Such changes include global mean temperature, the extent of Arctic sea ice, and global average sea level, all of whose values averaged over the most recent decade are substantially different than they were half a century or more earlier. While the observational record leaves little room for doubt that the earth is warming, the evidence does not by itself tell us what caused those changes. We could be experiencing natural fluctuations of climate operating on multidecadal timescales. Alternatively, drivers of climate change, such as volcanic eruptions or human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases, could be forcing sustained changes in climate. Detection and attribution seeks to determine whether climate is changing significantly and if so what has caused such changes.; Such an understanding has many potential applications. First, it makes sense to reduce greenhouse gas emissions if they are contributing significantly to climate change. Second, attribution studies are needed to understand the current risks of extreme weather. Under a nonstationary climate, we can no longer assume that the climate is, as has been traditionally assumed, the statistics of the weather over a fixed 30-year period: what were previously rare events could be already much more common. Instead, models are needed to characterize the current climate, which can be different from that of previous or succeeding years. Third, by comparing observations with models in a rigorous quantitative way, attribution can improve confidence in model predictions and point out areas where models are deficient and need improving.; There have been many advances made since the AR4 that refine our understanding of human-induced climate changes, and the objective of this paper is to review these advances. We have a regional focus because human influences can lead to very different climatic changes in different parts of the world. In addition, natural climate variability can be important at regional scales. Successful adaptation will necessitate increased understanding of such regional differences.' Author: "Stott, P.A.\rGillett, N.P.\rHegerl, G.C.\rKaroly, D.J.\rStone, D.A.\rZhang, X.\rZwiers, F." DOI: 10.1002/wcc.34 ISSN: 1757-7799 Issue: 2 Journal: 'Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change' Pages: 192-211 Title: 'Detection and attribution of climate change: A regional perspective' Volume: 1 Year: 2010 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]' _record_number: 2969 _uuid: 6eb4d004-0634-413c-bfda-a997348fdec7 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/wcc.34 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/6eb4d004-0634-413c-bfda-a997348fdec7.yaml identifier: 6eb4d004-0634-413c-bfda-a997348fdec7 uri: /reference/6eb4d004-0634-413c-bfda-a997348fdec7 - attrs: .publisher: Springer-Verlag .reference_type: 0 Alternate Journal: Clim Dyn Author: "Boberg, Fredrik\rBerg, Peter\rThejll, Peter\rGutowski, WilliamJ\rChristensen, JensH" DOI: 10.1007/s00382-008-0446-y Date: 2009/06/01 ISSN: 0930-7575 Issue: 7-8 Journal: Climate Dynamics Keywords: "Regional climate change\rExtreme events\rPrecipitation\rProbability distributions\rBootstrapping with replacement\rCrossing-point statistics" Language: English Pages: 1097-1106 Title: Improved confidence in climate change projections of precipitation evaluated using daily statistics from the PRUDENCE ensemble URL: http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00382-008-0446-y.pdf Volume: 32 Year: 2009 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3692 _uuid: 7110b917-ec5f-41cd-9c36-5267aed5f8a2 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s00382-008-0446-y href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/7110b917-ec5f-41cd-9c36-5267aed5f8a2.yaml identifier: 7110b917-ec5f-41cd-9c36-5267aed5f8a2 uri: /reference/7110b917-ec5f-41cd-9c36-5267aed5f8a2 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Christidis, N.\rStott, P.A.\rBrown, S.J." DOI: 10.1175/2011JCLI4150.1 ISSN: 1520-0442 Journal: Journal of Climate Pages: 1922-1930 Title: The role of human activity in the recent warming of extremely warm daytime temperatures Volume: 24 Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","RF 2"]' _record_number: 1478 _uuid: 714ae627-5acd-4f06-8d37-748adae46d4e reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/2011JCLI4150.1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/714ae627-5acd-4f06-8d37-748adae46d4e.yaml identifier: 714ae627-5acd-4f06-8d37-748adae46d4e uri: /reference/714ae627-5acd-4f06-8d37-748adae46d4e - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Long-term projections of global-ocean thermal expansion (GTE) and the dynamic sea level (DSL) change are analyzed with 34 new CMIP5 models and under three greenhouse-gas emission scenarios. Multi-model ensemble mean (MEM) and ensemble standard deviation are calculated to identify robust features and quantify uncertainty. While the MEM of GTE shows moderate difference by 2100, with magnitudes of 13, 18 and 28 cm in RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, it increases and diverges significantly by 2300, with magnitudes of 21, 52 and 119 cm in the three scenarios. Model-to-model spread seems reduced in CMIP5 compared to CMIP3. The MEM changes of the DSL show similar patterns between different RCPs, but with progressively larger magnitudes in RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Notable features identified previously in the CMIP3 projections also occur in CMIP5, indicating their robustness across generations of climate model and emission scenario. The CMIP5 models still show disagreement in projecting the DSL changes, even under the same external forcing. ' Author: 'Yin, J.' DOI: 10.1029/2012GL052947 ISSN: 0094-8276 Issue: L17709 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Pages: 7 Title: Century to multi-century sea level rise projections from CMIP5 models Volume: 39 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3506 _uuid: 71626a32-33e9-4a7b-a454-38dcadfb2fc5 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2012GL052947 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/71626a32-33e9-4a7b-a454-38dcadfb2fc5.yaml identifier: 71626a32-33e9-4a7b-a454-38dcadfb2fc5 uri: /reference/71626a32-33e9-4a7b-a454-38dcadfb2fc5 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'While the Arctic region has been warming strongly in recent decades, anomalously large snowfall in recent winters has affected large parts of North America, Europe, and east Asia. Here we demonstrate that the decrease in autumn Arctic sea ice area is linked to changes in the winter Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation that have some resemblance to the negative phase of the winter Arctic oscillation. However, the atmospheric circulation change linked to the reduction of sea ice shows much broader meridional meanders in midlatitudes and clearly different interannual variability than the classical Arctic oscillation. This circulation change results in more frequent episodes of blocking patterns that lead to increased cold surges over large parts of northern continents. Moreover, the increase in atmospheric water vapor content in the Arctic region during late autumn and winter driven locally by the reduction of sea ice provides enhanced moisture sources, supporting increased heavy snowfall in Europe during early winter and the northeastern and midwestern United States during winter. We conclude that the recent decline of Arctic sea ice has played a critical role in recent cold and snowy winters.' Author: 'Liu, J.; Curry, J. A.; Wang, H.; Song, M.; Horton, R. M.' DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1114910109 Date: 'February 27, 2012' ISSN: 1091-6490 Issue: 11 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Pages: 4074-4079 Title: Impact of declining Arctic sea ice on winter snowfall URL: http://www.pnas.org/content/109/11/4074.full.pdf+html Volume: 109 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 16: Northeast FINAL","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","RF 1"]' _record_number: 886 _uuid: 736c24a5-149a-4d5b-88c5-e729af8c3b0c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1114910109 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/736c24a5-149a-4d5b-88c5-e729af8c3b0c.yaml identifier: 736c24a5-149a-4d5b-88c5-e729af8c3b0c uri: /reference/736c24a5-149a-4d5b-88c5-e729af8c3b0c - attrs: .publisher: American Meteorological Society .reference_type: 0 Access Date: 2014/02/28 Author: "Knapp, Kenneth R.\rKruk, Michael C.\rLevinson, David H.\rDiamond, Howard J.\rNeumann, Charles J." DOI: 10.1175/2009BAMS2755.1 Date: 2010/03/01 ISSN: 0003-0007 Issue: 3 Journal: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Pages: 363-376 Title: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2009BAMS2755.1 Volume: 91 Year: 2010 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 4694 _uuid: 73711f67-22e4-469a-af2a-6a426e41f472 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/2009BAMS2755.1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/73711f67-22e4-469a-af2a-6a426e41f472.yaml identifier: 73711f67-22e4-469a-af2a-6a426e41f472 uri: /reference/73711f67-22e4-469a-af2a-6a426e41f472 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Turner, John\rComiso, Josefino C.\rMarshall, Gareth J.\rLachlan-Cope, Tom A.\rBracegirdle, Tom\rMaksym, Ted\rMeredith, Michael P.\rWang, Zhaomin\rOrr, Andrew" DOI: 10.1029/2009gl037524 ISSN: 1944-8007 Issue: 8 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Keywords: "sea ice\rozone\r0750 Sea ice\r1610 Atmosphere\r1621 Cryospheric change" Pages: L08502 Title: Non-annular atmospheric circulation change induced by stratospheric ozone depletion and its role in the recent increase of Antarctic sea ice extent URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009GL037524/pdf Volume: 36 Year: 2009 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3752 _uuid: 73f2edbe-0da5-489d-8e53-1c0953ed479e reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2009gl037524 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/73f2edbe-0da5-489d-8e53-1c0953ed479e.yaml identifier: 73f2edbe-0da5-489d-8e53-1c0953ed479e uri: /reference/73f2edbe-0da5-489d-8e53-1c0953ed479e - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Global warming increases the occurrence probability of hot extremes, and improving the predictability of such events is thus becoming of critical importance. Hot extremes have been shown to be induced by surface moisture deficits in some regions. In this study, we assess whether such a relationship holds at the global scale. We find that wide areas of the world display a strong relationship between the number of hot days in the regions’ hottest month and preceding precipitation deficits. The occurrence probability of an above-average number of hot days is over 70% after precipitation deficits in most parts of South America as well as the Iberian Peninsula and Eastern Australia, and over 60% in most of North America and Eastern Europe, while it is below 30–40% after wet conditions in these regions. Using quantile regression analyses, we show that the impact of precipitation deficits on the number of hot days is asymmetric, i.e. extreme high numbers of hot days are most strongly influenced. This relationship also applies to the 2011 extreme event in Texas. These findings suggest that effects of soil moisture-temperature coupling are geographically more widespread than commonly assumed. ' Author: "Mueller, B.\rS.I. Seneviratne" DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204330109 ISSN: 0027-8424 Issue: 31 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Keywords: 'hot day prediction; soil moisture–temperature coupling; standardized precipitation index; temperature extremes; ' Pages: 12398-12403 Title: Hot days induced by precipitation deficits at the global scale URL: http://www.pnas.org/content/109/31/12398.full.pdf+html Volume: 109 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","RF 2"]' _record_number: 2121 _uuid: 77718bdb-b632-4762-b8a5-d4151785f65b reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1204330109 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/77718bdb-b632-4762-b8a5-d4151785f65b.yaml identifier: 77718bdb-b632-4762-b8a5-d4151785f65b uri: /reference/77718bdb-b632-4762-b8a5-d4151785f65b - attrs: .reference_type: 0 .text_styles: '' Author: "Doney, S.C.\rV.J. Fabry\rR.A. Feely\rJ.A. Kleypas" DOI: 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834 ISSN: '1941-1405, 1941-0611' Issue: 1 Journal: Annual Review of Marine Science Pages: 169-192 Title: 'Ocean acidification: The other CO2 problem' URL: http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834 Volume: 1 Year: 2009 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Ch. 22: Alaska FINAL"]' _record_number: 1207 _uuid: 7ab1d9e1-75a1-48c5-8d85-02258496f919 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/7ab1d9e1-75a1-48c5-8d85-02258496f919.yaml identifier: 7ab1d9e1-75a1-48c5-8d85-02258496f919 uri: /reference/7ab1d9e1-75a1-48c5-8d85-02258496f919 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'The Jason-2 satellite altimeter mission was launched in June 2008, extending the record of precision sea level measurements that was initiated with the launch of TOPEX/Poseidon in 1992 and continued with the launch of Jason-1 in December 2001. We have used the measurements from these three missions to construct a seamless record of global mean sea level change from 1993 to the present. We present the results of our calibration activities, including data comparisons during the “tandem period” of the missions, during which we solve for biases between the missions, as well as comparisons to independent tide gauge sea level measurements. When the entire record is assembled, the average rate of sea level rise from 1993–2009 is 3.4 ± 0.4 mm/year. There is considerable interannual variation due to ENSO-related processes, which include the period of lower sea level rise over the last three years of the time series during the recent La Nina event.' Author: "Nerem, R. S.\rD.P. Chambers\rC. Choe\rG.T. Mitchum" DOI: 10.1080/01490419.2010.491031 Issue: S1 Journal: Marine Geodesy Keywords: 'Sea level change, ; satellite altimetry' Pages: 435-446 Title: Estimating mean sea level change from the TOPEX and Jason altimeter missions URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01490419.2010.491031 Volume: 33 Year: 2010 _chapter: '["Appendix 5: Scenarios FINAL","RF 3","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Ch. 23: Hawaii FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]' _record_number: 2200 _uuid: 7b7ffcb0-766c-43b3-ac22-db29fbffef71 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1080/01490419.2010.491031 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/7b7ffcb0-766c-43b3-ac22-db29fbffef71.yaml identifier: 7b7ffcb0-766c-43b3-ac22-db29fbffef71 uri: /reference/7b7ffcb0-766c-43b3-ac22-db29fbffef71 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Christy, J.R.' DOI: 10.1175/JHM-D-11-040.1 ISSN: 1525-755X Issue: 2012 Journal: Journal of Hydrometeorology Pages: 895-912 Title: Searching for information in 133 years of California snowfall observations Volume: 13 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 1513 _uuid: 7d4844ae-09af-4274-9774-693dcf8badfe reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/JHM-D-11-040.1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/7d4844ae-09af-4274-9774-693dcf8badfe.yaml identifier: 7d4844ae-09af-4274-9774-693dcf8badfe uri: /reference/7d4844ae-09af-4274-9774-693dcf8badfe - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Duffy, P.B.\rC. Tebaldi" DOI: 10.1007/s10584-012-0396-6 ISSN: 0165-0009 Issue: 2 Journal: Climatic Change Pages: 487-495 Title: Increasing prevalence of extreme summer temperatures in the U.S. Volume: 111 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 9: Human Health FINAL","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","RF 2"]' _record_number: 952 _uuid: 7de011b1-2d12-48e0-b3e1-0d81e4a8a7d6 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-012-0396-6 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/7de011b1-2d12-48e0-b3e1-0d81e4a8a7d6.yaml identifier: 7de011b1-2d12-48e0-b3e1-0d81e4a8a7d6 uri: /reference/7de011b1-2d12-48e0-b3e1-0d81e4a8a7d6