--- - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Maslanik, James\rStroeve, Julienne\rFowler, Charles\rEmery, William" DOI: 10.1029/2011gl047735 ISSN: 1944-8007 Issue: 13 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Keywords: "Arctic\rmultiyear ice\rsea ice\r0750 Sea ice\r1616 Climate variability\r1621 Cryospheric change\r1635 Oceans\r3339 Ocean/atmosphere interactions" Pages: L13502 Title: Distribution and trends in Arctic sea ice age through spring 2011 URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2011GL047735/pdf Volume: 38 Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","RF 1"]' _record_number: 3731 _uuid: 1ba16241-3d20-489a-aae8-f5abb1353fe7 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2011gl047735 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/1ba16241-3d20-489a-aae8-f5abb1353fe7.yaml identifier: 1ba16241-3d20-489a-aae8-f5abb1353fe7 uri: /reference/1ba16241-3d20-489a-aae8-f5abb1353fe7 - attrs: .publisher: Nature Publishing Group .reference_type: 0 Author: "Holland, Paul R.\rKwok, Ron" DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1627 ISSN: 1752-0894 Issue: 12 Journal: Nature Geoscience Pages: 872-875 Title: Wind-driven trends in Antarctic sea-ice drift Volume: 5 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3721 _uuid: 1ec57131-eb4c-410a-9eec-1df926508435 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/ngeo1627 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/1ec57131-eb4c-410a-9eec-1df926508435.yaml identifier: 1ec57131-eb4c-410a-9eec-1df926508435 uri: /reference/1ec57131-eb4c-410a-9eec-1df926508435 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 .text_styles: '' Author: "Feely, R. A.\rDoney, S. C.\rCooley, S. R." DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2009.95 Issue: 4 Journal: Oceanography Pages: 36-47 Title: 'Ocean acidification: Present conditions and future changes in a high-CO2 world' URL: http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/22-4_feely.pdf Volume: 22 Year: 2009 _chapter: '["Ch. 24: Oceans FINAL","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","RF 11","Ch. 23: Hawaii FINAL","NCA Report Citations"]' _record_number: 1206 _uuid: 1ee9bb2b-9b22-48f0-b540-f942ccfd9c71 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.5670/oceanog.2009.95 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/1ee9bb2b-9b22-48f0-b540-f942ccfd9c71.yaml identifier: 1ee9bb2b-9b22-48f0-b540-f942ccfd9c71 uri: /reference/1ee9bb2b-9b22-48f0-b540-f942ccfd9c71 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Ting, M.\rKushnir, Y.\rSeager, R.\rLi, C." DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2561.1 ISSN: 1520-0442 Issue: 6 Journal: Journal of Climate Pages: 1469-1481 Title: Forced and internal twentieth-century SST Trends in the North Atlantic Volume: 22 Year: 2009 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3064 _uuid: 20cd5787-8b2a-45a8-8b04-45995527ac1c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/2008JCLI2561.1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/20cd5787-8b2a-45a8-8b04-45995527ac1c.yaml identifier: 20cd5787-8b2a-45a8-8b04-45995527ac1c uri: /reference/20cd5787-8b2a-45a8-8b04-45995527ac1c - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Marzeion, B.\rA.H. Jarosch\rM. Hofer" DOI: 10.5194/tcd-6-3177-2012 Journal: The Cryosphere Discussions Pages: 3177-3241 Title: Past and future sea-level change from the surface mass balance of glaciers URL: http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/6/3177/2012/tcd-6-3177-2012.pdf Volume: 6 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 1899 _uuid: 227b7f7f-16db-4bd6-ad33-f5db7fa043ca reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.5194/tcd-6-3177-2012 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/227b7f7f-16db-4bd6-ad33-f5db7fa043ca.yaml identifier: 227b7f7f-16db-4bd6-ad33-f5db7fa043ca uri: /reference/227b7f7f-16db-4bd6-ad33-f5db7fa043ca - attrs: .publisher: American Meteorological Society .reference_type: 0 Access Date: 2013/06/07 Author: "Weinkle, Jessica\rMaue, Ryan\rPielke, Roger, Jr." DOI: 10.1175/jcli-d-11-00719.1 Date: 2012/07/01 ISSN: 0894-8755 Issue: 13 Journal: Journal of Climate Pages: 4729-4735 Title: Historical global tropical cyclone landfalls URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00719.1 Volume: 25 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3755 _uuid: 233e8851-d7a3-443c-a73d-7c7ba17dcaec reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00719.1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/233e8851-d7a3-443c-a73d-7c7ba17dcaec.yaml identifier: 233e8851-d7a3-443c-a73d-7c7ba17dcaec uri: /reference/233e8851-d7a3-443c-a73d-7c7ba17dcaec - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Del Genio, A.D.\rM.S. Yao\rJ. Jonas" DOI: 10.1029/2007GL030525 ISSN: 0094-8276 Issue: 16 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Pages: 5 Title: Will moist convection be stronger in a warmer climate? URL: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2007GL030525.shtml Volume: 34 Year: 2007 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 1818 _uuid: 242ad1ac-9e37-44e6-9e8f-43cb318ace99 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2007GL030525 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/242ad1ac-9e37-44e6-9e8f-43cb318ace99.yaml identifier: 242ad1ac-9e37-44e6-9e8f-43cb318ace99 uri: /reference/242ad1ac-9e37-44e6-9e8f-43cb318ace99 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 .text_styles: '' Author: "Barton, A.\rHales, B.\rWaldbusser, G.G.\rLangdon, C.\rFeely, R.A." DOI: 10.4319/lo.2012.57.3.0698 Issue: 3 Journal: Limnology and Oceanography Pages: 698-710 Title: 'The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, shows negative correlation to naturally elevated carbon dioxide levels: Implications for near-term ocean acidification effects' Volume: 57 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 25: Coastal Zone FINAL","Ch. 24: Oceans FINAL","RG 10 Coasts","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 1243 _uuid: 24763b7e-38b5-4e8d-b7c2-901431f1d01c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.4319/lo.2012.57.3.0698 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/24763b7e-38b5-4e8d-b7c2-901431f1d01c.yaml identifier: 24763b7e-38b5-4e8d-b7c2-901431f1d01c uri: /reference/24763b7e-38b5-4e8d-b7c2-901431f1d01c - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Kennedy, J.J.\rP.W. Thorne\rT.C. Peterson\rR.A. Reudy\rP.A. Stott\rD.E. Parker\rS.A. Good\rH.A. Titchner\rK.M. Willett" DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-91-7-StateoftheClimate ISSN: 1520-0477 Issue: 7 Journal: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Pages: S26-27 Title: 'How do we know the world has warmed? [in “State of the Climate in 2009”]' URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/BAMS-91-7-StateoftheClimate Volume: 91 Year: 2010 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Appendix 4: FAQs FINAL","NCA Report Citations","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]' _record_number: 856 _uuid: 25578196-95d0-4ac7-b889-0e863985423d reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /report/bams-state-of-the-climate-2009 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/25578196-95d0-4ac7-b889-0e863985423d.yaml identifier: 25578196-95d0-4ac7-b889-0e863985423d uri: /reference/25578196-95d0-4ac7-b889-0e863985423d - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: "Rahmstorf et al 's (2012) conclusion that observed climate change is comparable to projections, and in some cases exceeds projections, allows further inferences if we can quantify changing climate forcings and compare those with projections. The largest climate forcing is caused by well-mixed long-lived greenhouse gases. Here we illustrate trends of these gases and their climate forcings, and we discuss implications. We focus on quantities that are accurately measured, and we include comparison with fixed scenarios, which helps reduce common misimpressions about how climate forcings are changing. Annual fossil fuel CO 2 emissions have shot up in the past decade at about 3% yr -1 , double the rate of the prior three decades (figure 1). The growth rate falls above the range of the IPCC (2001) 'Marker' scenarios, although emissions are still within the entire range considered by the IPCC SRES (2000). The surge in emissions is due to increased coal use (blue curve in figure 1), which now accounts for more than 40% of fossil fuel CO 2 emissions. ##IMG## [http://ej.iop.org/images/1748-9326/8/1/011006/erl459410f1_online.jpg] {Figure 1.} Figure 1. CO 2 annual emissions from fossil fuel use and cement manufacture, an update of figure 16 of Hansen (2003) using data of British Petroleum (BP 2012) concatenated with data of Boden et al (2012). The resulting annual increase of atmospheric CO 2 (12-month running mean) has grown from less than 1 ppm yr -1 in the early 1960s to an average ~2 ppm yr -1 in the past decade (figure 2). Although CO 2 measurements were not made at sufficient locations prior to the early 1980s to calculate the global mean change, the close match of global and Mauna Loa data for later years suggests that Mauna Loa data provide a good approximation of global change (figure 2), thus allowing a useful estimate of annual global change beginning with the initiation of Mauna Loa measurements in 1958 by Keeling et al (1973). ##IMG## [http://ej.iop.org/images/1748-9326/8/1/011006/erl459410f2_online.jpg] {Figure 2.} Figure 2. Annual increase of CO 2 based on data from the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL 2012). CO 2 change and global temperature change are 12-month running means of differences for the same month of consecutive years. Nino index (Nino3.4 area) is 12-month running mean. Both temperature indices use data from Hansen et al (2010). Annual mean CO 2 amount in 1958 was 315 ppm (Mauna Loa) and in 2012 was 394 ppm (Mauna Loa) and 393 ppm (Global). Interannual variability of CO 2 growth is correlated with ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) variations of tropical temperatures (figure 2). Ocean–atmosphere CO 2 exchange is affected by ENSO (Chavez et al 1999), but ENSO seems to have a greater impact on atmospheric CO 2 via the terrestrial carbon cycle through effects on the water cycle, temperature, and fire, as discussed in a large body of literature (referenced, e.g., by Schwalm et al 2011). In addition, volcanoes, such as the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, slow the increase of atmospheric CO 2 (Rothenberg et al 2012), at least in part because photosynthesis is enhanced by the increased proportion of diffuse sunlight (Gu et al 2003, Mercado et al 2009). Watson (1997) suggests that volcanic dust deposited on the ocean surface may also contribute to CO 2 uptake by increasing ocean productivity. An important question is whether ocean and terrestrial carbon sinks will tend to saturate as human-made CO 2 emissions continue. Piao et al (2008) and Zhao and Running (2010) suggest that there already may be a reduction of terrestrial carbon uptake, while Le Quéré et al (2007) and Schuster and Watson (2007) find evidence of decreased carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic Ocean, respectively. However, others (Knorr 2009, Sarmiento et al 2010, Ballantyne et al 2012) either cast doubt on the reality of a reduced uptake strength or find evidence for increased uptake. An informative presentation of CO 2 observations is the ratio of annual CO 2 increase in the air divided by annual fossil fuel CO 2 emissions (Keeling et al 1973), the 'airborne fraction' (figure 3, right scale). An alternative definition of airborne fraction includes in the denominator of this ratio an estimated net anthropogenic CO 2 source from changes in land use, but this latter term is much more uncertain than the two terms involved in the Keeling et al (1973) definition. For example, analysis by Harris et al (2012) reveals a range as high as a factor of 2–4 in estimates of recent land use emissions; see also the discussion by Sarmiento et al (2010). However, note that the airborne fraction becomes smaller when estimated land use emissions are included, with the uptake fraction (one minus airborne fraction) typically greater than 0.5. ##IMG## [http://ej.iop.org/images/1748-9326/8/1/011006/erl459410f3_online.jpg] {Figure 3.} Figure 3. Fossil fuel CO 2 emissions (left scale) and airborne fraction, i.e., the ratio of observed atmospheric CO 2 increase to fossil fuel CO 2 emissions. Final three points are 5-, 3- and 1-year means. The simple Keeling airborne fraction, clearly, is not increasing (figure 3). Thus the net ocean plus terrestrial sink for carbon emissions has increased by a factor of 3–4 since 1958, accommodating the emissions increase by that factor. Remarkably, and we will argue importantly, the airborne fraction has declined since 2000 (figure 3) during a period without any large volcanic eruptions. The 7-year running mean of the airborne fraction had remained close to 60% up to 2000, except for the period affected by Pinatubo. The airborne fraction is affected by factors other than the efficiency of carbon sinks, most notably by changes in the rate of fossil fuel emissions (Gloor et al 2010). However, it is the dependence of the airborne fraction on fossil fuel emission rate that makes the post-2000 downturn of the airborne fraction particularly striking. The change of emission rate in 2000 from 1.5% yr -1 to 3.1% yr -1 (figure 1), other things being equal, would have caused a sharp increase of the airborne fraction (the simple reason being that a rapid source increase provides less time for carbon to be moved downward out of the ocean's upper layers). A decrease in land use emissions during the past decade (Harris et al 2012) could contribute to the decreasing airborne fraction in figure 3, although Malhi (2010) presents evidence that tropical forest deforestation and regrowth are approximately in balance, within uncertainties. Land use change can be only a partial explanation for the decrease of the airborne fraction; something more than land use change seems to be occurring. We suggest that the huge post-2000 increase of uptake by the carbon sinks implied by figure 3 is related to the simultaneous sharp increase in coal use (figure 1). Increased coal use occurred primarily in China and India (Boden et al 2012; BP 2012; see graphs at www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/Emissions/Emis_moreFigs/ [http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/Emissions/Emis_moreFigs/] ). Satellite radiance measurements for July–December, months when desert dust does not dominate aerosol amount, yield an increase of aerosol optical depth in East Asia of about 4% yr -1 during 2000–2006 (van Donkelaar et al 2008). Associated gaseous and particulate emissions increased rapidly after 2000 in China and India (Lu et al 2011, Tian et al 2010). Some decrease of the sulfur component of emissions occurred in China after 2006 as wide application of flue-gas desulfurization began to be initiated (Lu et al 2010), but this was largely offset by continuing emission increases from India (Lu et al 2011). We suggest that the surge of fossil fuel use, mainly coal, since 2000 is a basic cause of the large increase of carbon uptake by the combined terrestrial and ocean carbon sinks. One mechanism by which fossil fuel emissions increase carbon uptake is by fertilizing the biosphere via provision of nutrients essential for tissue building, especially nitrogen, which plays a critical role in controlling net primary productivity and is limited in many ecosystems (Gruber and Galloway 2008). Modeling (e.g., Thornton et al 2009) and field studies (Magnani et al 2007) confirm a major role of nitrogen deposition, working in concert with CO 2 fertilization, in causing a large increase in net primary productivity of temperate and boreal forests. Sulfate aerosols from coal burning also might increase carbon uptake by increasing the proportion of diffuse insolation, as noted above for Pinatubo aerosols, even though the total solar radiation reaching the surface is reduced. Thus we see the decreased CO 2 airborne fraction since 2000 as sharing some of the same causes as the decreased airborne fraction after the Pinatubo eruption (figure 3). CO 2 fertilization is likely the major effect, as a plausible addition of 5 TgN yr -1 from fossil fuels and net ecosystem productivity of 200 kgC kgN -1 (Magnani et al 2007, 2008) yields an annual carbon drawdown of 1 GtC yr -1 , which is of the order of what is needed to explain the post-2000 anomaly in airborne" Author: "Hansen, James\rKharecha, Pushker\rSato, Makiko" DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/011006 ISSN: 1748-9326 Issue: 1 Journal: Environmental Research Letters Pages: 011006 Title: 'Climate forcing growth rates: Doubling down on our Faustian bargain' URL: http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/8/1/011006/pdf/1748-9326_8_1_011006.pdf Volume: 8 Year: 2013 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 4626 _uuid: 2912c90b-e830-468d-877e-0635f6bd6b37 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/011006 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/2912c90b-e830-468d-877e-0635f6bd6b37.yaml identifier: 2912c90b-e830-468d-877e-0635f6bd6b37 uri: /reference/2912c90b-e830-468d-877e-0635f6bd6b37 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: "Rupp, D. E.\rP. W. Mote\rN. Massey\rC. J. Rye\rR. Jones\rM. R. Allen" Book Title: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00021.1 Editor: "Peterson, T.C.\rStott, P.A.\rHerring, S." ISBN: 1520-0477 Pages: 1052-1054 Reviewer: 29c17547-189b-4b0c-9d60-2c8b3ce8edfa Series Volume: 7 Title: 'Did human influence on climate make the 2011 Texas drought more probable? Explaining extreme events of 2011 from a climate perspective' URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00021.1 Volume: 93 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 2711 _uuid: 29c17547-189b-4b0c-9d60-2c8b3ce8edfa reftype: Book Section child_publication: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/29c17547-189b-4b0c-9d60-2c8b3ce8edfa.yaml identifier: 29c17547-189b-4b0c-9d60-2c8b3ce8edfa uri: /reference/29c17547-189b-4b0c-9d60-2c8b3ce8edfa - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Taylor, K.E.\rStouffer, R.J.\rMeehl, G.A." DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1 ISSN: 0003-0007 Issue: 4 Journal: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Pages: 485-498 Title: An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1 Volume: 93 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3017 _uuid: 29dec54f-92a8-4543-93f1-941da4f4d750 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/29dec54f-92a8-4543-93f1-941da4f4d750.yaml identifier: 29dec54f-92a8-4543-93f1-941da4f4d750 uri: /reference/29dec54f-92a8-4543-93f1-941da4f4d750 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Hoerling, M.\rM. Chen\rR. Dole\rJ. Eischeid\rA. Kumar\rJ.W. Nielsen-Gammon\rP. Pegion\rJ. Perlwitz\rX.-W. Quan\rT. Zhang" DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00270.1 ISSN: 0894-8755 Issue: 9 Journal: Journal of Climate Pages: 2811–2832 Title: Anatomy of an extreme event URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00270.1 Volume: 26 Year: 2013 _chapter: '["Ch. 19: Great Plains FINAL","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","RF 2","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL","Ch. 10: Energy Water Land FINAL"]' _record_number: 83 _uuid: 2c8387dc-24b4-4293-b51c-46871cac064f reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00270.1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/2c8387dc-24b4-4293-b51c-46871cac064f.yaml identifier: 2c8387dc-24b4-4293-b51c-46871cac064f uri: /reference/2c8387dc-24b4-4293-b51c-46871cac064f - attrs: .publisher: Copernicus Publications .reference_type: 0 Author: "Parkinson, C. L.\rCavalieri, D. J." DOI: 10.5194/tc-6-871-2012 ISSN: 1994-0424 Issue: 4 Journal: The Cryosphere Notes: TC Pages: 871-880 Title: 'Antarctic sea ice variability and trends, 1979-2010' URL: http://www.the-cryosphere.net/6/871/2012/tc-6-871-2012.pdf Volume: 6 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3739 _uuid: 2d0798ca-b268-4d9a-99ff-c06b6888f8b9 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.5194/tc-6-871-2012 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/2d0798ca-b268-4d9a-99ff-c06b6888f8b9.yaml identifier: 2d0798ca-b268-4d9a-99ff-c06b6888f8b9 uri: /reference/2d0798ca-b268-4d9a-99ff-c06b6888f8b9 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'A fundamental aspect of climate change is the potential shifts in flowering phenology and pollen initiation associated with milder winters and warmer seasonal air temperature. Earlier floral anthesis has been suggested, in turn, to have a role in human disease by increasing time of exposure to pollen that causes allergic rhinitis and related asthma. However, earlier floral initiation does not necessarily alter the temporal duration of the pollen season, and, to date, no consistent continental trend in pollen season length has been demonstrated. Here we report that duration of the ragweed (Ambrosia spp.) pollen season has been increasing in recent decades as a function of latitude in North America. Latitudinal effects on increasing season length were associated primarily with a delay in first frost of the fall season and lengthening of the frost free period. Overall, these data indicate a significant increase in the length of the ragweed pollen season by as much as 13-27 d at latitudes above similar to 44 degrees N since 1995. This is consistent with recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projections regarding enhanced warming as a function of latitude. If similar warming trends accompany long-term climate change, greater exposure times to seasonal allergens may occur with subsequent effects on public health.' Accession Number: ISI:000288120400079 Alternate Journal: P Natl Acad Sci USA Author: "Ziska, L.\rKnowlton, K.\rRogers, C.\rDalan, D.\rTierney, N.\rElder, M. A.\rFilley, W.\rShropshire, J.\rFord, L. B.\rHedberg, C.\rFleetwood, P.\rHovanky, K. T.\rKavanaugh, T.\rFulford, G.\rVrtis, R. F.\rPatz, J. A.\rPortnoy, J.\rCoates, F.\rBielory, L.\rFrenz, D." Author Address: 'Ziska, L; ARS, Crop Syst & Global Change Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA; ARS, Crop Syst & Global Change Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA; ARS, Crop Syst & Global Change Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA; Columbia Univ, Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Hlth & Environm Program, Nat Resources Def Council, New York, NY 10032 USA; Columbia Univ, Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, New York, NY 10032 USA; Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA; Allergy & Asthma Care Ctr, Fargo, ND 58103 USA; Allergy & Asthma Specialists, Minneapolis, MN 55402 USA; Oklahoma Allergy & Asthma Clin, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA; Ctr Asthma & Allergy, Omaha, NE 68123 USA; Hedberg Allergy & Asthma Ctr, Rogers, AR 72758 USA; Allergy & Asthma Ctr Georgetown, Georgetown, TX 78628 USA; Allergy Associates, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA; Univ Wisconsin, Nelson Inst Environm Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Univ Wisconsin, Dept Populat Hlth Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Univ Missouri, Sch Med, Childrens Mercy Hosp, Sect Allergy Asthma & Immunol, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA; Aerobiol Res Labs, Nepean, ON K2E 7Y5, Canada; Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Environm Predict, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA; HealthE Care Syst, St Paul, MN 55102 USA' DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1014107108 Date: Mar 8 ISSN: 0027-8424 Issue: 10 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Keywords: aerobiology; allergies; global warming; ambrosia-artemisiifolia l.; climate-change; common ragweed; public-health; united-states; aeroallergens; allergy; urbanization; temperatures; counts Language: English Notes: 731PA; Times Cited:9; Cited References Count:34 Pages: 4248-4251 Title: Recent warming by latitude associated with increased length of ragweed pollen season in central North America URL: http://www.pnas.org/content/108/10/4248.full.pdf+html Volume: 108 Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Ch. 9: Human Health FINAL","Ch. 16: Northeast FINAL","Ch. 19: Great Plains FINAL","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Overview","RF 1","Ch. 18: Midwest FINAL"]' _record_number: 3557 _uuid: 2d1ffd71-6c31-4d2e-9867-bdf330be45c1 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1014107108 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/2d1ffd71-6c31-4d2e-9867-bdf330be45c1.yaml identifier: 2d1ffd71-6c31-4d2e-9867-bdf330be45c1 uri: /reference/2d1ffd71-6c31-4d2e-9867-bdf330be45c1 - attrs: .reference_type: 1 Author: 'AMAP,' Number of Pages: 538 Place Published: 'Oslo, Norway' Publisher: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Reviewer: 2ecb64ff-f4e0-4acd-b049-e5d04f44c57a Title: 'Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA): Climate Change and the Cryosphere' URL: http://www.amap.no/documents/download/968 Year: 2011 _chapter: '["RF 3","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]' _record_number: 1547 _uuid: 2ecb64ff-f4e0-4acd-b049-e5d04f44c57a reftype: Book child_publication: /report/amap-swipa-2011-overview-report href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/2ecb64ff-f4e0-4acd-b049-e5d04f44c57a.yaml identifier: 2ecb64ff-f4e0-4acd-b049-e5d04f44c57a uri: /reference/2ecb64ff-f4e0-4acd-b049-e5d04f44c57a - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Earlier observations on several of Greenland’s outlet glaciers, starting near the turn of the 21st century, indicated rapid (annual-scale) and large (>100%) increases in glacier velocity. Combining data from several satellites, we produce a decade-long (2000 to 2010) record documenting the ongoing velocity evolution of nearly all (200+) of Greenland’s major outlet glaciers, revealing complex spatial and temporal patterns. Changes on fast-flow marine-terminating glaciers contrast with steady velocities on ice-shelf–terminating glaciers and slow speeds on land-terminating glaciers. Regionally, glaciers in the northwest accelerated steadily, with more variability in the southeast and relatively steady flow elsewhere. Intraregional variability shows a complex response to regional and local forcing. Observed acceleration indicates that sea level rise from Greenland may fall well below proposed upper bounds.' Author: "Moon, T.\rJoughin, I.\rSmith, B.\rHowat, I." DOI: 10.1126/science.1219985 Date: 'May 4, 2012' Issue: 6081 Journal: Science Pages: 576-578 Title: 21st-Century Evolution of Greenland Outlet Glacier Velocities Volume: 336 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3733 _uuid: 2f8e045d-fd97-4c9f-ad6f-b4ff0c1ab04f reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.1219985 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/2f8e045d-fd97-4c9f-ad6f-b4ff0c1ab04f.yaml identifier: 2f8e045d-fd97-4c9f-ad6f-b4ff0c1ab04f uri: /reference/2f8e045d-fd97-4c9f-ad6f-b4ff0c1ab04f - attrs: .publisher: American Meteorological Society .reference_type: 0 Access Date: 2014/02/07 Author: 'Emanuel, Kerry' DOI: 10.1175/2007JCLI1571.1 Date: 2007/11/01 ISSN: 0894-8755 Issue: 22 Journal: Journal of Climate Pages: 5497-5509 Title: Environmental factors affecting tropical cyclone power dissipation Volume: 20 Year: 2007 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 4669 _uuid: 31d7ff11-c229-4ed7-93b6-e59f2d3f7229 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/2007JCLI1571.1%20 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/31d7ff11-c229-4ed7-93b6-e59f2d3f7229.yaml identifier: 31d7ff11-c229-4ed7-93b6-e59f2d3f7229 uri: /reference/31d7ff11-c229-4ed7-93b6-e59f2d3f7229 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'An automated homogenization algorithm based on the pairwise comparison of monthly temperature series is described. The algorithm works by forming pairwise difference series between serial monthly temperature values from a network of observing stations. Each difference series is then evaluated for undocumented shifts, and the station series responsible for such breaks is identified automatically. The algorithm also makes use of station history information, when available, to improve the identification of artificial shifts in temperature data. In addition, an evaluation is carried out to distinguish trend inhomogeneities from abrupt shifts. When the magnitude of an apparent shift attributed to a particular station can be reliably estimated, an adjustment is made for the target series. The pairwise algorithm is shown to be robust and efficient at detecting undocumented step changes under a variety of simulated scenarios with step- and trend-type inhomogeneities. Moreover, the approach is shown to yield a lower false-alarm rate for undocumented changepoint detection relative to the more common use of a reference series. Results from the algorithm are used to assess evidence for trend inhomogeneities in U.S. monthly temperature data.' Author: "Menne, M.J.\rWilliams, C.N., Jr." DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2263.1 ISSN: 1520-0442 Issue: 7 Journal: Journal of Climate Keywords: 'Algorithms, ; Climate records, ; Temperature' Pages: 1700-1717 Title: Homogenization of temperature series via pairwise comparisons URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2008JCLI2263.1 Volume: 22 Year: 2009 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]' _record_number: 2001 _uuid: 32bec5d2-97fe-41c5-8eed-6920bbf096f4 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/2008JCLI2263.1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/32bec5d2-97fe-41c5-8eed-6920bbf096f4.yaml identifier: 32bec5d2-97fe-41c5-8eed-6920bbf096f4 uri: /reference/32bec5d2-97fe-41c5-8eed-6920bbf096f4 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Balan Sarojini, Beena\rStott, Peter A.\rBlack, Emily\rPolson, Debbie" DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053373 ISSN: 1944-8007 Issue: 21 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Keywords: "anthropogenic climate change\rdetection and attribution\rglobal climate models\robservations\rprecipitation\r1626 Global climate models\r1635 Oceans\r1637 Regional climate change\r1655 Water cycles\r1854 Precipitation" Pages: L21706 Title: Fingerprints of changes in annual and seasonal precipitation from CMIP5 models over land and ocean URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012GL053373/pdf Volume: 39 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 4687 _uuid: 32f3d1fd-faa0-402a-b55c-6560b851c487 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2012GL053373 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/32f3d1fd-faa0-402a-b55c-6560b851c487.yaml identifier: 32f3d1fd-faa0-402a-b55c-6560b851c487 uri: /reference/32f3d1fd-faa0-402a-b55c-6560b851c487