--- - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Fettweis, X.\rTedesco, M. \rvan den Broeke,M. \rEttema, J. " DOI: 10.5194/tc-5-359-2011 ISSN: 1994-0416 Journal: The Cryosphere Pages: 359-375 Title: Melting trends over the Greenland ice sheet (1958–2009) from spaceborne microwave data and regional climate models URL: http://www.the-cryosphere.net/5/359/2011/tc-5-359-2011.pdf Volume: 5 Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 1101 _uuid: d784c38f-026b-4dab-a572-f4b84e58ca7c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.5194/tc-5-359-2011 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/d784c38f-026b-4dab-a572-f4b84e58ca7c.yaml identifier: d784c38f-026b-4dab-a572-f4b84e58ca7c uri: /reference/d784c38f-026b-4dab-a572-f4b84e58ca7c - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: "Parris, A.\rP. Bromirski\rV. Burkett\rD. Cayan\rM. Culver\rJ. Hall\rR. Horton\rK. Knuuti\rR. Moss\rJ. Obeysekera\rA. Sallenger\rJ. Weiss" Institution: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pages: 37 Place Published: 'Silver Spring, MD' Title: Global Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States National Climate Assessment. NOAA Tech Memo OAR CPO-1 URL: http://scenarios.globalchange.gov/sites/default/files/NOAA_SLR_r3_0.pdf Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Appendix 5: Scenarios FINAL","Ch. 20: Southwest FINAL","Ch. 25: Coastal Zone FINAL","Ch. 16: Northeast FINAL","RF 3","RG 10 Coasts","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Ch. 5: Transportation FINAL","Ch. 4: Energy Supply and Use FINAL","Ch. 0: Intro Regions FINAL","Ch. 17: Southeast and Caribbean FINAL","Ch. 21: Northwest FINAL"]' _record_number: 2432 _uuid: d8089822-678e-4834-a1ec-0dca1da35314 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/noaa-techmemo-oar-cpo-1-2012 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/d8089822-678e-4834-a1ec-0dca1da35314.yaml identifier: d8089822-678e-4834-a1ec-0dca1da35314 uri: /reference/d8089822-678e-4834-a1ec-0dca1da35314 - attrs: .publisher: Springer Netherlands .reference_type: 0 Alternate Journal: Climatic Change Author: "Kharin, V. V.\rZwiers, F. W.\rZhang, X.\rWehner, M." DOI: 10.1007/s10584-013-0705-8 Date: 2013/02/20 ISSN: 0165-0009 Issue: 2 Journal: Climatic Change Language: English Pages: 345-357 Title: Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in the CMIP5 ensemble Volume: 119 Year: 2013 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Ch. 3: Water Resources FINAL"]' _record_number: 3702 _uuid: d85a45c6-1da6-41f1-81d6-e855acfb1fe3 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-013-0705-8 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/d85a45c6-1da6-41f1-81d6-e855acfb1fe3.yaml identifier: d85a45c6-1da6-41f1-81d6-e855acfb1fe3 uri: /reference/d85a45c6-1da6-41f1-81d6-e855acfb1fe3 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Kwok, R.\rRothrock, D. A." DOI: 10.1029/2009gl039035 ISSN: 1944-8007 Issue: 15 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Keywords: "sea ice thickness\rArctic Ocean\rpolar climate\r0750 Sea ice\r0762 Mass balance\r0764 Energy balance\r0758 Remote sensing" Pages: L15501 Title: 'Decline in Arctic sea ice thickness from submarine and ICESat records: 1958–2008' URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009GL039035/pdf Volume: 36 Year: 2009 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","RF 1"]' _record_number: 3725 _uuid: d98542ec-7ce6-4e98-90f5-52564dfceb94 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2009gl039035 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/d98542ec-7ce6-4e98-90f5-52564dfceb94.yaml identifier: d98542ec-7ce6-4e98-90f5-52564dfceb94 uri: /reference/d98542ec-7ce6-4e98-90f5-52564dfceb94 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: "Collins, M.\rKnutti, R.\rArblaster, J. M.\rDufresne, J.-L.\rFichefet, T.\rFriedlingstein. P.\rGao, X.\rGutowski, W. J.\rJohns, T.\rKrinner, G.\rShongwe, M.\rTebaldi, C.\rWeaver, A. J.\rWehner, M." Book Title: 'Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change' Editor: "Stocker, T. F.\rD. Qin\rG.-K. Plattner\rM. Tignor\rAllen, S. K.\rBoschung, J.\rNauels, . \rXia, Y.\rBex, V.\rMidgley, P. M." ISBN: 978-1-107-05799-1 Pages: 1029-1136 Place Published: 'Cambridge. U.K, New York, NY, USA' Publisher: Cambridge University Press Reviewer: da8af560-43fe-4825-8303-2bc772f26b88 Title: 'Ch. 12: Long-term climate change: Projections, commitments and irreversibility' URL: http://www.climatechange2013.org/report/review-drafts/ Year: 2013 _chapter: '["RF 3","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 4623 _uuid: da8af560-43fe-4825-8303-2bc772f26b88 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/ipcc-ar5-wg1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/da8af560-43fe-4825-8303-2bc772f26b88.yaml identifier: da8af560-43fe-4825-8303-2bc772f26b88 uri: /reference/da8af560-43fe-4825-8303-2bc772f26b88 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Kunkel, K. E.\rPalecki, M. A.\rEnsor, L.\rEasterling, D.\rHubbard, K. G.\rRobinson, D.\rRedmond, K." DOI: 10.1175/2009JCLI2631.1 Issue: 23 Journal: Journal of Climate Pages: 6204-6216 Title: Trends in twentieth-century U.S. extreme snowfall seasons URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2009JCLI2631.1 Volume: 22 Year: 2009 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Ch. 18: Midwest FINAL"]' _record_number: 3670 _uuid: dad70523-3e99-4529-920c-8dbb0035a511 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/2009JCLI2631.1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/dad70523-3e99-4529-920c-8dbb0035a511.yaml identifier: dad70523-3e99-4529-920c-8dbb0035a511 uri: /reference/dad70523-3e99-4529-920c-8dbb0035a511 - attrs: .publisher: American Meteorological Society .reference_type: 0 Access Date: 2013/11/21 Author: "Liebmann, Brant\rDole, Randall M.\rJones, Charles\rBladé, Ileana\rAllured, Dave" DOI: 10.1175/2010BAMS3030.1 Date: 2010/11/01 ISSN: 0003-0007 Issue: 11 Journal: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Pages: 1485-1491 Title: Influence of choice of time period on global surface temperature trend estimates URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2010BAMS3030.1 Volume: 91 Year: 2010 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 4625 _uuid: dcb67462-f0ef-48ac-8d24-26b0d910c0d2 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/2010BAMS3030.1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/dcb67462-f0ef-48ac-8d24-26b0d910c0d2.yaml identifier: dcb67462-f0ef-48ac-8d24-26b0d910c0d2 uri: /reference/dcb67462-f0ef-48ac-8d24-26b0d910c0d2 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'A frequently encountered difficulty in assessing model-predicted land–atmosphere exchanges of moisture and energy is the absence of comprehensive observations to which model predictions can be compared at the spatial and temporal resolutions at which the models operate. Various methods have been used to evaluate the land surface schemes in coupled models, including comparisons of model-predicted evapotranspiration with values derived from atmospheric water balances, comparison of model-predicted energy and radiative fluxes with tower measurements during periods of intensive observations, comparison of model-predicted runoff with observed streamflow, and comparison of model predictions of soil moisture with spatial averages of point observations.; While these approaches have provided useful model diagnostic information, the observation-based products used in the comparisons typically are inconsistent with the model variables with which they are compared—for example, observations are for points or areas much smaller than the model spatial resolution, comparisons are restricted to temporal averages, or the spatial scale is large compared to that resolved by the model. Furthermore, none of the datasets available at present allow an evaluation of the interaction of the water balance components over large regions for long periods. In this study, a model-derived dataset of land surface states and fluxes is presented for the conterminous United States and portions of Canada and Mexico. The dataset spans the period 1950–2000, and is at a 3-h time step with a spatial resolution of À degree. The data are distinct from reanalysis products in that precipitation is a gridded product derived directly from observations, and both the land surface water and energy budgets balance at every time step. The surface forcings include precipitation and air temperature (both gridded from observations), and derived downward solar and longwave radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and wind. Simulated runoff is shown to match observations quite well over large river basins. On this basis, and given the physically based model parameterizations, it is argued that other terms in the surface water balance (e.g., soil moisture and evapotranspiration) are well represented, at least for the purposes of diagnostic studies such as those in which atmospheric model reanalysis products have been widely used. These characteristics make this dataset useful for a variety of studies, especially where ground observations are lacking.' Author: "Maurer, E.P.\rA.W. Wood\rJ.C. Adam\rD.P. Lettenmaier\rB. Nijssen" DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<3237:ALTHBD>2.0.CO;2 ISSN: 1520-0442 Issue: 22 Journal: Journal of Climate Pages: 3237-3251 Title: A long-term hydrologically based dataset of land surface fluxes and states for the conterminous United States URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015%3C3237%3AALTHBD%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Volume: 15 Year: 2002 _chapter: '["RF 3","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 1918 _uuid: dcf754dd-dd36-474c-8f78-981b0bc507d5 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015%3C3237:ALTHBD%3E2.0.CO;2 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/dcf754dd-dd36-474c-8f78-981b0bc507d5.yaml identifier: dcf754dd-dd36-474c-8f78-981b0bc507d5 uri: /reference/dcf754dd-dd36-474c-8f78-981b0bc507d5 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Lo, Min-Hui\rFamiglietti, James S." DOI: 10.1002/grl.50108 ISSN: 1944-8007 Issue: 2 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Keywords: "Irrigation\rland-atmosphere interaction\rglobal climate model\rland s\r1631 Land/atmosphere interactions\r1626 Global climate models\r1655 Water cycles\r1834 Human impacts\r1840 Hydrometeorology" Pages: 301-306 Title: Irrigation in California's Central Valley strengthens the southwestern U.S. water cycle URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50108/pdf Volume: 40 Year: 2013 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3730 _uuid: df10b654-c26a-48fb-96b8-cd2a1e0a85da reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/grl.50108 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/df10b654-c26a-48fb-96b8-cd2a1e0a85da.yaml identifier: df10b654-c26a-48fb-96b8-cd2a1e0a85da uri: /reference/df10b654-c26a-48fb-96b8-cd2a1e0a85da - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Emanuel, Kerry\rSobel, Adam" DOI: 10.1002/jame.20032 Date: June 2013 ISSN: 1942-2466 Issue: 2 Journal: Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems Keywords: "convection\rhurricane\rclimate\r1616 Climate variability\r3314 Convective processes\r3359 Radiative processes\r3371 Tropical convection\r3372 Tropical cyclones" Pages: 447-458 Title: 'Response of tropical sea surface temperature, precipitation, and tropical cyclone-related variables to changes in global and local forcing' URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jame.20032/pdf Volume: 5 Year: 2013 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","RF 2"]' _record_number: 3717 _uuid: df5a6a41-28fe-4f52-8842-e2e3e5613067 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/jame.20032 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/df5a6a41-28fe-4f52-8842-e2e3e5613067.yaml identifier: df5a6a41-28fe-4f52-8842-e2e3e5613067 uri: /reference/df5a6a41-28fe-4f52-8842-e2e3e5613067 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Peterson, T. C.\rHeim, R. R. \rHirsch, R.\rKaiser, D. P. \rBrooks, H.\rDiffenbaugh, N. S.\rDole, R. M.\rGiovannettone, J. P.\rGuirguis, K.\rKarl, T. R.\rKatz, Richard W.\rKunkel, K.\rLettenmaier, D.\rMcCabe, G. J.\rPaciorek, C. J.\rRyberg, K. R.\rSchubert, S.\rSilva, V. B. S.\rStewart, Brooke C.\rVecchia, A. V.\rVillarini, G.\rVose, R. S.\rWalsh, John\rWehner, M.\rWolock, D.\rWolter, K.\rWoodhouse, C. A.\rWuebbles, D." DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00066.1 Date: June 2013 Issue: 6 Journal: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Pages: 821-834 Title: 'Monitoring and understanding changes in heat waves, cold waves, floods and droughts in the United States: State of knowledge' URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00066.1 Volume: 94 Year: 2013 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","RF 2","Ch. 3: Water Resources FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL","Ch. 18: Midwest FINAL"]' _record_number: 2477 _uuid: e15600d0-290f-44e2-9b58-9ffd295ee6d2 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00066.1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/e15600d0-290f-44e2-9b58-9ffd295ee6d2.yaml identifier: e15600d0-290f-44e2-9b58-9ffd295ee6d2 uri: /reference/e15600d0-290f-44e2-9b58-9ffd295ee6d2 - attrs: .reference_type: 9 Editor: "Karl, T.R.\rJ.T. Melillo\rT.C. Peterson " ISBN: 978-0-521-14407-0 Number of Pages: 189 Place Published: 'New York, NY' Publisher: Cambridge University Press Series Editor: "Karl, T.R.\rJ.T. Melillo\rT.C. Peterson " Title: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States URL: http://downloads.globalchange.gov/usimpacts/pdfs/climate-impacts-report.pdf Year: 2009 _chapter: '["Ch. 20: Southwest FINAL","Ch. 25: Coastal Zone FINAL","Ch. 16: Northeast FINAL","Ch. 24: Oceans FINAL","Ch. 12: Indigenous FINAL","Ch. 19: Great Plains FINAL","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Ch. 6: Agriculture FINAL","Ch. 29: Research Needs FINAL","Ch. 11: Urban Systems FINAL","Ch. 28: Adaptation FINAL","Ch. 23: Hawaii FINAL","Ch. 8: Ecosystems FINAL","Ch. 17: Southeast and Caribbean FINAL","RF 12","Ch. 3: Water Resources FINAL","Ch. 30: NCA Long-Term Process FINAL","NCA Report Citations","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL","RF 1","Ch. 10: Energy Water Land FINAL","Ch. 18: Midwest FINAL","Ch. 21: Northwest FINAL","Ch. 22: Alaska FINAL"]' _record_number: 769 _uuid: e251f590-177e-4ba6-8ed1-6f68b5e54c8a reftype: Edited Book child_publication: /report/nca2 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/e251f590-177e-4ba6-8ed1-6f68b5e54c8a.yaml identifier: e251f590-177e-4ba6-8ed1-6f68b5e54c8a uri: /reference/e251f590-177e-4ba6-8ed1-6f68b5e54c8a - attrs: .publisher: American Meteorological Society .reference_type: 0 Access Date: 2014/02/24 Author: "Polson, Debbie\rHegerl, Gabriele C.\rZhang, Xuebin\rOsborn, Timothy J." DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00474.1 Date: 2013/09/01 ISSN: 0894-8755 Issue: 17 Journal: Journal of Climate Pages: 6679-6697 Title: Causes of robust seasonal land precipitation changes URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00474.1 Volume: 26 Year: 2013 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 4688 _uuid: e26cd117-a2e4-45c8-acf2-8ea2984a8949 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00474.1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/e26cd117-a2e4-45c8-acf2-8ea2984a8949.yaml identifier: e26cd117-a2e4-45c8-acf2-8ea2984a8949 uri: /reference/e26cd117-a2e4-45c8-acf2-8ea2984a8949 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: "We use the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model combined with the GISS general; circulation model to calculate the aerosol direct and indirect (warm cloud) radiative forcings; from US anthropogenic sources over the 1950–2050 period, based on historical; 5 emission inventories and future projections from the IPCC A1B scenario. The aerosol; simulation is evaluated with observed spatial distributions and 1980–2010 trends of; aerosol concentrations and wet deposition in the contiguous US. The radiative forcing; from US anthropogenic aerosols is strongly localized over the eastern US. We; find that it peaked in 1970–1990, with values over the eastern US (east of 100\x0e W); 10 of −2.0Wm−2 for direct forcing including contributions from sulfate (−2.0Wm−2), nitrate; (−0.2Wm−2), organic carbon (−0.2Wm−2), and black carbon (+0.4Wm−2). The; aerosol indirect effect is of comparable magnitude to the direct forcing. We find that; the forcing declined sharply from 1990 to 2010 (by 0.8Wm−2 direct and 1.0Wm−2 indirect),; mainly reflecting decreases in SO2 emissions, and project that it will continue; 15 declining post-2010 but at a much slower rate since US SO2 emissions have already; declined by almost 60% from their peak. This suggests that much of the warming effect; of reducing US anthropogenic aerosol sources may have already been realized by; 2010, however some additional warming is expected through 2020. The small positive; radiative forcing from US BC emissions (+0.3Wm−2 over the eastern US in 2010) sug20; gests that an emission control strategy focused on BC would have only limited climate; benefit." Author: "Leibensperger, E. M.\rL.J. Mickley\rD.J. Jacob\rW.T. Chen\rJ.H. Seinfeld\rA. Nenes\rP.J. Adams\rD.G. Streets\rN. Kumar\rD. Rind" DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-3333-2012 ISSN: 1680-7324 Issue: 7 Journal: 'Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ' Keywords: transboundary pollution influences; stratiform cloud microphysics; eastern united-states; art. no. 4407; black-carbon; organic aerosol; tropospheric ozone; model description; droplet formation; sulfur cycle Language: English Pages: 3333-3348 Title: 'Climatic effects of 1950-2050 changes in US anthropogenic aerosols - Part 1: Aerosol trends and radiative forcing' URL: http://atmos-chem-phys.net/12/3333/2012/acp-12-3333-2012.pdf Volume: 12 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 15: Biogeochemical FINAL","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 399 _uuid: e5093ad6-fff0-48b1-863b-51882837f648 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.5194/acp-12-3333-2012 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/e5093ad6-fff0-48b1-863b-51882837f648.yaml identifier: e5093ad6-fff0-48b1-863b-51882837f648 uri: /reference/e5093ad6-fff0-48b1-863b-51882837f648 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Kemp, A.C.\rB.P. Horton\rJ.P. Donnelly\rM.E. Mann\rM. Vermeer\rS. Rahmstorf" DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015619108 ISSN: 1091-6490 Issue: 27 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Pages: 11017-11022 Title: Climate related sea-level variations over the past two millennia URL: http://www.pnas.org/content/108/27/11017.full.pdf+html Volume: 108 Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Appendix 5: Scenarios FINAL","RF 3","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 375 _uuid: e679d754-46b3-4d62-a7dd-4a7f0c727ebe reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1015619108 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/e679d754-46b3-4d62-a7dd-4a7f0c727ebe.yaml identifier: e679d754-46b3-4d62-a7dd-4a7f0c727ebe uri: /reference/e679d754-46b3-4d62-a7dd-4a7f0c727ebe - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'A quality assessment of daily manual snowfall data has been undertaken for all U.S. long-term stations and their suitability for climate research. The assessment utilized expert judgment on the quality of each station. Through this process, the authors have identified a set of stations believed to be suitable for analysis of trends. Since the 1920s, snowfall has been declining in the West and the mid-Atlantic coast. In some places during recent years the decline has been more precipitous, strongly trending downward along the southern margins of the seasonal snow region, the southern Missouri River basin, and parts of the Northeast. Snowfall has been increasing since the 1920s in the lee of the Rocky Mountains, the Great Lakes–northern Ohio Valley, and parts of the north-central United States. These areas that are in opposition to the overall pattern of declining snowfall seem to be associated with specific dynamical processes, such as upslope snow and lake-effect snow that may be responding to changes in atmospheric circulation.' Author: "Kunkel, K.E.\rM. Palecki\rL. Ensor\rK.G. Hubbard\rD. Robinson\rK. Redmond\rD. Easterling" DOI: 10.1175/2008JTECHA1138.1 ISSN: 1520-0426 Journal: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology Keywords: 'Snowfall, Lake effects, Atmospheric circulation' Pages: 33-44 Title: Trends in twentieth-century US snowfall using a quality-controlled dataset URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2008JTECHA1138.1 Volume: 26 Year: 2009 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 1699 _uuid: ea2c3f43-b493-4001-8489-959c0f55080a reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/2008JTECHA1138.1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/ea2c3f43-b493-4001-8489-959c0f55080a.yaml identifier: ea2c3f43-b493-4001-8489-959c0f55080a uri: /reference/ea2c3f43-b493-4001-8489-959c0f55080a - attrs: .publisher: Springer Vienna .reference_type: 0 Alternate Journal: Theor Appl Climatol Author: "Balling, Robert C., Jr.\rGoodrich, Gregory B." DOI: 10.1007/s00704-010-0353-0 Date: 2011/06/01 ISSN: 0177-798X Issue: 3-4 Journal: Theoretical and Applied Climatology Language: English Pages: 415-421 Title: Spatial analysis of variations in precipitation intensity in the USA Volume: 104 Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 3701 _uuid: ec044f41-ca74-426c-873f-db2d4faaaf93 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s00704-010-0353-0 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/ec044f41-ca74-426c-873f-db2d4faaaf93.yaml identifier: ec044f41-ca74-426c-873f-db2d4faaaf93 uri: /reference/ec044f41-ca74-426c-873f-db2d4faaaf93 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'A grid network version of the two-layer variable infiltration capacity (VIC-2L) macroscale hydrologic model is described. VIC-2L is a hydrologically based soil- vegetation-atmosphere transfer scheme designed to represent the land surface in numerical weather prediction and climate models. The grid network scheme allows streamflow to be predicted for large continental rivers. Off-line (observed and estimated surface meteorological and radiative forcings) applications of the model to the Columbia River (1° latitude-longitude spatial resolution) and Delaware River (0.5° resolution) are described. The model performed quite well in both applications, reproducing the seasonal hydrograph and annual flow volumes to within a few percent. Difficulties in reproducing observed streamflow in the arid portion of the Snake River basin are attributed to groundwater-surface water interactions, which are not modeled by VIC-2L. ' Author: "Nijssen, B.\rD.P. Lettenmaier\rX. Liang\rS.W. Wetzel\rE.F. Wood" DOI: 10.1029/96WR03517 Issue: 4 Journal: Water Resources Research Pages: 711-724 Title: Streamflow simulation for continental-scale river basins URL: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1997/96WR03517.shtml Volume: 33 Year: 1997 _chapter: '["RF 3","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 2223 _uuid: ec534395-9d19-446f-90c4-a181c9ed31f0 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/96WR03517 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/ec534395-9d19-446f-90c4-a181c9ed31f0.yaml identifier: ec534395-9d19-446f-90c4-a181c9ed31f0 uri: /reference/ec534395-9d19-446f-90c4-a181c9ed31f0 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Snowfall data are subject to quality issues that affect their usefulness for detection of climate trends. A new analysis of lake-effect snowfall trends utilizes a restricted set of stations identified as suitable for trends analysis based on a careful quality assessment of long-term observation stations in the lake-effect snowbelts of the Laurentian Great Lakes. An upward trend in snowfall was found in two (Superior and Michigan) of the four snowbelt areas. The trends for Lakes Erie and Ontario depended on the period of analysis. Although these results are qualitatively similar to outcomes of other recent studies, the magnitude of the upward trend is about half as large as trends in previous findings. The upward trend in snowfall was accompanied by an upward trend in liquid water equivalent for Superior and Michigan, while no trend was observed for Erie and Ontario. Air temperature has also trended upward for Superior and Michigan, suggesting that warmer surface waters and less ice cover are contributing to the upward snowfall trends by enhancing lake heat and moisture fluxes during cold air outbreaks. However, a more comprehensive study is needed to definitely determine cause and effect. Overall, this study finds that trends in lake-effect snowfall are not as large as was believed based on prior research.' Author: "Kunkel, K.E.\rL. Ensor\rM. Palecki\rD. Easterling\rD. Robinson\rK.G. Hubbard\rK. Redmond" DOI: 10.1016/j.jglr.2008.11.003 ISSN: 0380-1330 Issue: 1 Journal: Journal of Great Lakes Research Keywords: 'Snowfall, Trends, Lake-effect, Great Lakes' Pages: 23-29 Title: A new look at lake-effect snowfall trends in the Laurentian Great Lakes using a temporally homogeneous data set URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1016/j.jglr.2008.11.003 Volume: 35 Year: 2009 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL"]' _record_number: 1172 _uuid: ee173d70-b90c-49f9-8984-d9880ee082b0 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.jglr.2008.11.003 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/ee173d70-b90c-49f9-8984-d9880ee082b0.yaml identifier: ee173d70-b90c-49f9-8984-d9880ee082b0 uri: /reference/ee173d70-b90c-49f9-8984-d9880ee082b0 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Forests and their soils contain the majority of the earth’s terrestrial carbon stocks. Changes in patterns of tree growth can have a huge impact on atmospheric cycles, biogeochemical cycles, climate change, and biodiversity. Recent studies have shown increases in biomass across many forest types. This increase has been attributed to climate change. However, without knowing the disturbance history of a forest, growth could also be caused by normal recovery from unknown disturbances. Using a unique dataset of tree biomass collected over the past 22 years from 55 temperate forest plots with known land-use histories and stand ages ranging from 5 to 250 years, we found that recent biomass accumulation greatly exceeded the expected growth caused by natural recovery. We have also collected over 100 years of local weather measurements and 17 years of on-site atmospheric CO2 measurements that show consistent increases in line with globally observed climate-change patterns. Combined, these observations show that changes in temperature and CO2 that have been observed worldwide can fundamentally alter the rate of critical natural processes, which is predicted by biogeochemical models. Identifying this rate change is important to research on the current state of carbon stocks and the fluxes that influence how carbon moves between storage and the atmosphere. These results signal a pressing need to better understand the changes in growth rates in forest systems, which influence current and future states of the atmosphere and biosphere.' Author: "McMahon, Sean M.\rParker, Geoffrey G.\rMiller, Dawn R." DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912376107 Date: 'February 3, 2010' ISSN: '1091-6490 ' Issue: 8 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Pages: 3611-3615 Title: Evidence for a recent increase in forest growth URL: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/02/02/0912376107.full.pdf+html Volume: 107 Year: 2010 _chapter: '["Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Ch. 7: Forests FINAL"]' _record_number: 3697 _uuid: ef69b1ea-2567-40aa-82d1-cdb42041e6e0 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.0912376107 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/ef69b1ea-2567-40aa-82d1-cdb42041e6e0.yaml identifier: ef69b1ea-2567-40aa-82d1-cdb42041e6e0 uri: /reference/ef69b1ea-2567-40aa-82d1-cdb42041e6e0