--- - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Extremes of the hydrologic cycle will accompany global warming, causing precipitation intensity to increase, particularly in middle and high latitudes. During the twentieth century, the frequency of major storms has already increased, and the total precipitation increase over this time period has primarily come from the greater number of heavy events. The Great Lakes region is projected to experience a rise these extreme precipitation events.; For southern Wisconsin, the precipitation rate of the 10 wettest days was Simulated using a suite of seven global climate models from the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. For each ranking, the precipitation rate of these very heavy events increases in the future. Overall, the models project that extreme precipitation events will become 10% to 40% stronger in southern Wisconsin, resulting in greater potential for flooding, and for the waterborne diseases that often accompany high discharge into Lake Michigan.; Using 6.4 cm (2.5 in) of daily precipitation as the threshold for initiating combined sewer overflow into Lake Michigan, the frequency of these events is expected to rise by 50% to 120% by the end of this century. The combination of future thermal and hydrologic changes may affect the usability of recreational beaches. Chicago beach closures are dependent on the magnitude of recent precipitation (within the past 24 hours), lake temperature, and lake stage. Projected increases in heavy rainfall, warmer lake waters, and lowered lake levels would all be expected to contribute to beach contamination in the future.; The Great Lakes serve as a drinking water source for more than 40 million people. Ongoing studies and past events illustrate a strong connection between rain events and the amount of pollutants entering the Great Lakes. Extreme precipitation under global warming projections may overwhelm the combined sewer systems and lead to overflow events that can threaten both human health and recreation in the region.' Alternate Journal: Am J Prev Med Author: "Patz, J. A.\rVavrus, S. J.\rUejio, C. K.\rMcLellan, S. L." Author Address: 'Patz, JA; Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Sustainabil & Global Environm SAGE, Dept Populat Hlth Sci, 1710 Univ Ave,Room 258, Madison, WI 53726 USA; Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Sustainabil & Global Environm SAGE, Dept Populat Hlth Sci, 1710 Univ Ave,Room 258, Madison, WI 53726 USA; Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Sustainabil & Global Environm SAGE, Dept Populat Hlth Sci, Madison, WI 53726 USA' DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.026 Date: Nov ISSN: 0749-3797 Issue: 5 Journal: American Journal of Preventive Medicine Keywords: escherichia-coli concentrations; microbial source tracking; fecal indicator bacteria; united-states; recreational waters; gastrointestinal illness; hydrological cycle; huntington-beach; nonpoint sources; nearshore water Language: English Notes: 365HN; Times Cited:19; Cited References Count:76 Pages: 451-458 Title: Climate Change and Waterborne Disease Risk in the Great Lakes Region of the U.S. URL: http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(08)00702-2/fulltext Volume: 35 Year: 2008 _chapter: '["Ch. 9: Human Health FINAL","RG 3 Midwest","Overview","Ch. 18: Midwest FINAL"]' _record_number: 2443 _uuid: 030e3539-a620-441c-adb6-042db1a3fa6e reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.026 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/030e3539-a620-441c-adb6-042db1a3fa6e.yaml identifier: 030e3539-a620-441c-adb6-042db1a3fa6e uri: /reference/030e3539-a620-441c-adb6-042db1a3fa6e - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: "Winkler, J.A.\rAndresen, J.\rBisanz, J.\rGuentchev, G.\rNugent, J.\rPrimsopa, K.\rRothwell, N.\rZavalloni, C.\rClark, J.\rMin, H.K.\rPollyea, A.\rPrawiranta, H." Book Title: 'Climate Change in the Midwest: Impacts, Risks, Vulnerability and Adaptation' Editor: 'Pryor, S.C.' ISBN: 978-0-253-00682-0 Pages: 104-116 Place Published: 'Bloomington , IN' Publisher: Indiana University Press Reviewer: 1e5da375-51dd-4e29-8fe3-0d9e164b7856 Title: 'Ch. 8: Michigan’s tart cherry industry: Vulnerability to climate variability and change' Year: 2013 _chapter: '["RG 3 Midwest","Ch. 18: Midwest FINAL"]' _record_number: 3454 _uuid: 1e5da375-51dd-4e29-8fe3-0d9e164b7856 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /book/434135ed-eb50-4c46-9484-77563769e657 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/1e5da375-51dd-4e29-8fe3-0d9e164b7856.yaml identifier: 1e5da375-51dd-4e29-8fe3-0d9e164b7856 uri: /reference/1e5da375-51dd-4e29-8fe3-0d9e164b7856 - attrs: .reference_type: 9 Date: 'March 1, 2012' Editor: "Winkler, Julie\rAndresen, Jeff\rHatfield, Jerry" Number of Pages: 236 Title: 'Midwest Technical Input Report: Prepared for the US National Climate Assessment' URL: http://data.globalchange.gov/report/midwest-technical-input-report Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 28: Adaptation FINAL","Ch. 18: Midwest FINAL"]' _record_number: 3453 _uuid: 2626b5ca-ec04-4e41-8405-9f582c779a7a reftype: Edited Book child_publication: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/2626b5ca-ec04-4e41-8405-9f582c779a7a.yaml identifier: 2626b5ca-ec04-4e41-8405-9f582c779a7a uri: /reference/2626b5ca-ec04-4e41-8405-9f582c779a7a - attrs: .reference_type: 0 .text_styles: '' Author: "McLellan, S. L.\rHollis, E. J.\rDepas, M. M.\rVan Dyke, M.\rHarris, J.\rScopel, C. O." DOI: '10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[566:DAFOEC]2.0.CO;2' ISSN: 0380-1330 Journal: Journal of Great Lakes Research Pages: 566-580 Title: Distribution and fate of Escherichia coli in Lake Michigan following contamination with urban stormwater and combined sewer overflows URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.3394/0380-1330%282007%2933%5B566%3ADAFOEC%5D2.0.CO%3B2 Volume: 33 Year: 2007 _chapter: '["Ch. 18: Midwest FINAL"]' _record_number: 1958 _uuid: 5a66bdda-d5f3-4eb0-83d1-64cb86216182 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33%5B566:DAFOEC%5D2.0.CO;2 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/5a66bdda-d5f3-4eb0-83d1-64cb86216182.yaml identifier: 5a66bdda-d5f3-4eb0-83d1-64cb86216182 uri: /reference/5a66bdda-d5f3-4eb0-83d1-64cb86216182 - attrs: .reference_type: 32 Author: "Kunkel, K. E.\rStevens, L. E.\rStevens, S. E.\rSun, L.\rJanssen, E.\rWuebbles, D.\rHilberg, S.D.\rTimlin, M.S.\rStoecker, L.\rWestcott, N.E.\rDobson, J.G." Pages: 103 Place Published: 'Washington, D.C.' Publisher: 'National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service' Title: 'Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment: Part 3. Climate of the Midwest U.S. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 142-3' URL: http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/technical_reports/NOAA_NESDIS_Tech_Report_142-3-Climate_of_the_Midwest_U.S.pdf Year: 2013 _chapter: '["Ch. 4: Energy Supply and Use FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL","Ch. 18: Midwest FINAL"]' _record_number: 1411 _uuid: 95f2ea7d-12e3-4ed5-9247-7cf139db91a9 reftype: Government Document child_publication: /report/noaa-techreport-nesdis-142-3 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/95f2ea7d-12e3-4ed5-9247-7cf139db91a9.yaml identifier: 95f2ea7d-12e3-4ed5-9247-7cf139db91a9 uri: /reference/95f2ea7d-12e3-4ed5-9247-7cf139db91a9 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Schoof, J.T.' Book Title: 'Climate Change in the Midwest: Impacts, Risks, Vulnerability and Adaptation' Chapter: 11 Editor: 'Pryor, S.C.' ISBN: 978-0-253-00682-0 Pages: 146-157 Place Published: 'Bloomington, Indiana ' Publisher: Indiana University Press Reviewer: 9a70a3f4-3c60-4a8a-8cc9-bf5d7e112c12 Title: 'Ch. 11: Historical and projected changes in human heat stress in the Midwestern United States' Year: 2013 _chapter: '["Ch. 18: Midwest FINAL"]' _record_number: 3681 _uuid: 9a70a3f4-3c60-4a8a-8cc9-bf5d7e112c12 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /book/434135ed-eb50-4c46-9484-77563769e657 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/9a70a3f4-3c60-4a8a-8cc9-bf5d7e112c12.yaml identifier: 9a70a3f4-3c60-4a8a-8cc9-bf5d7e112c12 uri: /reference/9a70a3f4-3c60-4a8a-8cc9-bf5d7e112c12 - attrs: .reference_type: 9 Editor: 'Pryor, S.C.' ISBN: 978-0-253-00682-0 Number of Pages: 288 Place Published: 'Bloomington, IN' Publisher: Indiana University Press Title: 'Climate Change in the Midwest: Impacts, Risks, Vulnerability and Adaptation' Year: 2013 _chapter: '["Ch. 18: Midwest FINAL"]' _record_number: 2544 _uuid: b228ac0d-7bf9-4391-99e7-5c598b9ce55e reftype: Edited Book child_publication: /book/434135ed-eb50-4c46-9484-77563769e657 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/b228ac0d-7bf9-4391-99e7-5c598b9ce55e.yaml identifier: b228ac0d-7bf9-4391-99e7-5c598b9ce55e uri: /reference/b228ac0d-7bf9-4391-99e7-5c598b9ce55e - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: "Pryor, S.C.\rBarthelmie, R.J." Book Title: 'Climate Change in the Midwest: Impacts, Risks, Vulnerability and Adaptation' Editor: 'Pryor, S.C.' ISBN: 978-0-253-00682-0 Pages: 12-47 Place Published: 'Bloomington , IN' Publisher: Indiana University Press Reviewer: cd02cc8f-9ba1-4ce5-8283-b479b0374d33 Title: 'Ch. 2: The Midwestern United States: Socio-economic context and physical climate' Year: 2013 _chapter: '["Ch. 18: Midwest FINAL"]' _record_number: 2547 _uuid: cd02cc8f-9ba1-4ce5-8283-b479b0374d33 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /book/434135ed-eb50-4c46-9484-77563769e657 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/cd02cc8f-9ba1-4ce5-8283-b479b0374d33.yaml identifier: cd02cc8f-9ba1-4ce5-8283-b479b0374d33 uri: /reference/cd02cc8f-9ba1-4ce5-8283-b479b0374d33