--- - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Temperature (T) and equivalent temperature (TE) trends over the United States from 1979 to 2005 and their correlation to land cover types are investigated using National Centers for Environmental Prediction North American Regional Reanalysis data, the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) land use/cover classification, the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 1992–2001 Retrofit Land Cover Change and the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from AVHRR. Even though most of the magnitude of TE is explained by T, the moisture component induces larger trends and variability of TE relative to T. The contrast between pronounced temporal and spatial differences between T and TE at the near-surface level (2 m) and minor-to-no differences at 300–200 mb is a consistent pattern. This study therefore demonstrates that in addition to temperature, atmospheric heat content may help to quantify the differences between surface and tropospheric heating trends, and hence the impact of land cover types on the surface temperature changes. Correlations of T and TE with NDVI reveal that TE shows a stronger relationship to vegetation cover than T, especially during the growing season, with values that are significantly different and of opposite signs (−0.31 for Tvs NDVI; 0.49 for TEvs NDVI). Our results suggest that land cover types influence both moisture availability and temperature in the lower atmosphere and that TE is larger in areas with higher physical evaporation and transpiration rates. As a result, TE can be used as an additional metric for analysing near-surface heating trends with respect to land cover types. Moreover, TE can be tested as a complementary variable for assessing the impact of land surface and boundary layer processes in re-analysis and weather/climate model studies. ' Author: "Fall, S.\rDiffenbaugh, N.S.\rNiyogi, D.\rPielke, R.A., Sr\rRochon, G." DOI: 10.1002/joc.2094 ISSN: 1097-0088 Issue: 13 Journal: International Journal of Climatology Keywords: temperature;; equivalent temperature;; heat content;; NARR;; AVHRR;; NLCD;; NDVI Pages: 2045-2054 Title: Temperature and equivalent temperature over the United States (1979–2005) URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.2094/pdf Volume: 30 Year: 2010 _chapter: '["Ch. 13: Land Use and Land Cover Change FINAL"]' _record_number: 1646 _uuid: 062cab4d-e6a4-458a-8941-9485c1e9cdfb reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/joc.2094 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/062cab4d-e6a4-458a-8941-9485c1e9cdfb.yaml identifier: 062cab4d-e6a4-458a-8941-9485c1e9cdfb uri: /reference/062cab4d-e6a4-458a-8941-9485c1e9cdfb - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Shepherd, J.M.\rPierce, H.\rNegri, A.J." DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0689:RMBMUA>2.0.CO;2 ISSN: 1520-0450 Issue: 7 Journal: Journal of Applied Meteorology Pages: 689-701 Title: 'Rainfall modification by major urban areas: Observations from spaceborne rain radar on the TRMM satellite' URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0450%282002%29041%3C0689%3ARMBMUA%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Volume: 41 Year: 2002 _chapter: '["Ch. 13: Land Use and Land Cover Change FINAL"]' _record_number: 2839 _uuid: 0e3dedb6-cea3-4d09-9c9c-74ab9bb83623 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041%3C0689:RMBMUA%3E2.0.CO;2 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/0e3dedb6-cea3-4d09-9c9c-74ab9bb83623.yaml identifier: 0e3dedb6-cea3-4d09-9c9c-74ab9bb83623 uri: /reference/0e3dedb6-cea3-4d09-9c9c-74ab9bb83623 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Sleeter, B. M.' Journal: The California Geographer Pages: 27-59 Title: Late 20th century land change in the Central California Valley Ecoregion URL: http://scholarworks.csun.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.2/2781/CAgeographer2008_p27-59.pdf?sequence=1 Volume: 48 Year: 2008 _chapter: '["Ch. 13: Land Use and Land Cover Change FINAL"]' _record_number: 2866 _uuid: 20a2fadd-ce98-440a-8245-35eef796dce8 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/late-20th-century-land-change-in-the-central-california-valley-ecoregion href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/20a2fadd-ce98-440a-8245-35eef796dce8.yaml identifier: 20a2fadd-ce98-440a-8245-35eef796dce8 uri: /reference/20a2fadd-ce98-440a-8245-35eef796dce8 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Climate model simulations have shown that conversion of natural forest vegetation to croplands in the United States cooled climate. The cooling was greater for daily maximum temperature than for daily minimum temperature, resulting in a reduced diurnal temperature range. This paper presents analyses of observed daily maximum and minimum temperatures that are consistent with the climate simulations. Daily maximum temperature in the croplands of the Midwest United States is reduced relative to forested land in the Northeast, resulting in a decreased diurnal temperature range. The cooling is regional rather than local and is likely created by the contrast between extensive cropland in the Midwest and forest in the Northeast. Seasonal patterns of this cooling are correlated with seasonal changes in crop growth. Analyses of historical temperatures since 1900 and reconstructed cropland extent show a temporal correlation between land use and cooling. The cooling created by the forest–cropland contrast is much more prominent now, when much of the Northeast farmland has been abandoned and reforested, than in the early 1900s when farmlands were more extensive in the Northeast. These results show that human uses of land, especially clearing of forest for agriculture and reforestation of abandoned farmland, are an important cause of regional climate change. Analyses of historical temperature records must consider this “land use” forcing.' Author: 'Bonan, G.B.' DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2430:OEFROD>2.0.CO;2 ISSN: 1520-0442 Issue: 11 Journal: Journal of Climate Pages: 2430-2442 Title: Observational evidence for reduction of daily maximum temperature by croplands in the Midwest United States Volume: 14 Year: 2001 _chapter: '["Ch. 13: Land Use and Land Cover Change FINAL"]' _record_number: 1198 _uuid: 3449fa91-2545-4625-b3f8-8a15f1e354ee reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014%3C2430:OEFROD%3E2.0.CO;2 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/3449fa91-2545-4625-b3f8-8a15f1e354ee.yaml identifier: 3449fa91-2545-4625-b3f8-8a15f1e354ee uri: /reference/3449fa91-2545-4625-b3f8-8a15f1e354ee - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Yow, D.M.' DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00063.x ISSN: 1749-8198 Issue: 6 Journal: Geography Compass Pages: 1227-1251 Title: 'Urban heat islands: Observations, impacts, and adaptation' Volume: 1 Year: 2007 _chapter: '["Ch. 13: Land Use and Land Cover Change FINAL"]' _record_number: 3515 _uuid: 57b390b7-6a1b-42e0-8228-6dce780c4b99 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00063.x href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/57b390b7-6a1b-42e0-8228-6dce780c4b99.yaml identifier: 57b390b7-6a1b-42e0-8228-6dce780c4b99 uri: /reference/57b390b7-6a1b-42e0-8228-6dce780c4b99 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Sorooshian, S.\rLi, J.\rHsu, K.\rGao, X." DOI: 10.1029/2010JD014775 ISSN: 0148-0227 Issue: D6 Journal: Journal of Geophysical Research Pages: D06102 Title: 'How significant is the impact of irrigation on the local hydroclimate in California’s Central Valley? Comparison of model results with ground and remote-sensing data' Volume: 116 Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Ch. 13: Land Use and Land Cover Change FINAL"]' _record_number: 2902 _uuid: 5fd4934a-2c98-4b94-8179-ff4536a243bf reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2010JD014775 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/5fd4934a-2c98-4b94-8179-ff4536a243bf.yaml identifier: 5fd4934a-2c98-4b94-8179-ff4536a243bf uri: /reference/5fd4934a-2c98-4b94-8179-ff4536a243bf - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Progress in urban climatology over the two decades since the first publication of the International Journal of Climatology is reviewed. It is emphasized that urban climatology during this period has benefited from conceptual advances made in microclimatology and boundary-layer climatology in general. The role of scale, heterogeneity, dynamic source areas for turbulent fluxes and the complexity introduced by the roughness sublayer over the tall, rigid roughness elements of cities is described. The diversity of urban heat islands, depending on the medium sensed and the sensing technique, is explained. The review focuses on two areas within urban climatology. First, it assesses advances in the study of selected urban climatic processes relating to urban atmospheric turbulence (including surface roughness) and exchange processes for energy and water, at scales of consideration ranging from individual facets of the urban environment, through streets and city blocks to neighbourhoods. Second, it explores the literature on the urban temperature field. The state of knowledge about urban heat islands around 1980 is described and work since then is assessed in terms of similarities to and contrasts with that situation. Finally, the main advances are summarized and recommendations for urban climate work in the future are made. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.' Author: 'Arnfield, A.J.' DOI: 10.1002/joc.859 ISSN: 1097-0088 Issue: 1 Journal: International Journal of Climatology Keywords: urban climate;; urban energy budget;; urban water budget;; urban heat island;; urban atmospheric turbulence;; urban roughness;; spatial heterogeneity Pages: 1-26 Title: 'Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island' Volume: 23 Year: 2003 _chapter: '["Ch. 13: Land Use and Land Cover Change FINAL"]' _record_number: 1713 _uuid: 71fd8e9a-5d84-4d79-bff0-35da4ee4e999 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/joc.859 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/71fd8e9a-5d84-4d79-bff0-35da4ee4e999.yaml identifier: 71fd8e9a-5d84-4d79-bff0-35da4ee4e999 uri: /reference/71fd8e9a-5d84-4d79-bff0-35da4ee4e999 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: "Loveland, T.\rR. Mahmood\rT. Patel-Weynand\rK. Karstensen\rK. Beckendorf\rN. Bliss\rA. Carleton" Institution: 'U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey' Pages: 87 Place Published: 'Reston, VA' Title: National Climate Assessment Technical Report on the Impacts of Climate and Land Use and Land Cover Change URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1155/of2012-1155.pdf Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 13: Land Use and Land Cover Change FINAL","Ch. 17: Southeast and Caribbean FINAL"]' _record_number: 1147 _uuid: 74461848-086f-4ea7-b3b3-e1693e3a21d8 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/usgs-open-file-report-2002-1155 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/74461848-086f-4ea7-b3b3-e1693e3a21d8.yaml identifier: 74461848-086f-4ea7-b3b3-e1693e3a21d8 uri: /reference/74461848-086f-4ea7-b3b3-e1693e3a21d8 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: "Zhu, Z.\rBouchard, M.\rButman, D.\rHawbaker, T.\rLi, Z.\rLiu, J.\rLiu, S.\rMcDonald, C.\rReker, R.\rSayler, K.\rSleeter, B.\rSohl, T.\rStackpoole, S.\rWein, A.\rZhu, Z." Institution: U.S. Geological Survey Pages: 28 Place Published: 'Reston, VA' Title: Baseline and Projected Future Carbon Storage and Greenhouse-Gas Fluxes in the Great Plains Region of the United States. Professional Paper 1787 URL: 'http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1787/ ' Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Ch. 13: Land Use and Land Cover Change FINAL"]' _record_number: 3542 _uuid: 7591e0ad-a4cf-43cb-986f-8cc2d5d35b70 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/usgs-profpaper-1787 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/7591e0ad-a4cf-43cb-986f-8cc2d5d35b70.yaml identifier: 7591e0ad-a4cf-43cb-986f-8cc2d5d35b70 uri: /reference/7591e0ad-a4cf-43cb-986f-8cc2d5d35b70 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: "Lebow, B.\rPatel-Weynand, T.\rLoveland, T.\rCantral, R." Date: 'November 29 – December 1, 2011' Pages: 73 Title: Land Use and Land Cover National Stakeholder Workshop Technical Report. Report prepared for 2013 National Climate Assessment URL: http://downloads.usgcrp.gov/NCA/Activities/final_nca_lulc_workshop_report.pdf Year: 2012 _chapter: '["Ch. 13: Land Use and Land Cover Change FINAL","Ch. 28: Adaptation FINAL"]' _record_number: 1028 _uuid: 94a7e73a-f733-42d4-be5a-5bd6d861a6e4 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/nca-lulcti-2012 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/94a7e73a-f733-42d4-be5a-5bd6d861a6e4.yaml identifier: 94a7e73a-f733-42d4-be5a-5bd6d861a6e4 uri: /reference/94a7e73a-f733-42d4-be5a-5bd6d861a6e4 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Souch, C.\rGrimmond, S." DOI: 10.1191/0309133306pp484pr ISSN: 0309-1333 Issue: 2 Journal: Progress in Physical Geography Pages: 270-279 Title: 'Applied climatology: Urban climate' Volume: 30 Year: 2006 _chapter: '["Ch. 13: Land Use and Land Cover Change FINAL"]' _record_number: 2904 _uuid: c33568be-8745-48f0-8d1f-9178d4618c0a reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1191/0309133306pp484pr href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/c33568be-8745-48f0-8d1f-9178d4618c0a.yaml identifier: c33568be-8745-48f0-8d1f-9178d4618c0a uri: /reference/c33568be-8745-48f0-8d1f-9178d4618c0a - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Niyogi, D.\rPyle, P.\rLei, M.\rArya, S.P.\rKishtawal, C.M.\rShepherd, M.\rChen, F.\rWolfe, B." DOI: 10.1175/2010JAMC1836.1 ISSN: 1558-8424 Issue: 5 Journal: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Pages: 1129-1144 Title: 'Urban modification of thunderstorms: An observational storm climatology and model case study for the Indianapolis urban region' URL: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2010JAMC1836.1 Volume: 50 Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Ch. 13: Land Use and Land Cover Change FINAL"]' _record_number: 2229 _uuid: fd18b4db-8742-4fe9-b588-4f8b5d3cb353 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/2010JAMC1836.1 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/fd18b4db-8742-4fe9-b588-4f8b5d3cb353.yaml identifier: fd18b4db-8742-4fe9-b588-4f8b5d3cb353 uri: /reference/fd18b4db-8742-4fe9-b588-4f8b5d3cb353 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Landsberg, H.E.' DOI: 10.1126/science.170.3964.1265 ISSN: 0036-8075 Issue: 3964 Journal: Science Pages: 1265-1274 Title: "Man-made climatic changes: Man's activities have altered the climate of urbanized areas and may affect global climate in the future" Volume: 170 Year: 1970 _chapter: '["Ch. 13: Land Use and Land Cover Change FINAL"]' _record_number: 1090 _uuid: ff31c479-bfb9-4c80-8ea1-9486048e1abb reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.170.3964.1265 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/ff31c479-bfb9-4c80-8ea1-9486048e1abb.yaml identifier: ff31c479-bfb9-4c80-8ea1-9486048e1abb uri: /reference/ff31c479-bfb9-4c80-8ea1-9486048e1abb