--- - attributes: ~ caption: 'The release of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning in North America (shown here for 2010) vastly exceeds the amount that is taken up and temporarily stored in forests, crops, and other ecosystems (shown here is the annual average for 2000-2006). (Figure source: King et al. 2012b130f588-b962-4133-9aa9-46f1f8c8ffdb).' chapter_identifier: biogeochemical-cycles create_dt: 2012-11-01T10:33:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/biogeochemical-cycles/figure/major-north-american-carbon-dioxide-sources-and-sinks.yaml identifier: major-north-american-carbon-dioxide-sources-and-sinks lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'King et al. 2012b130f588-b962-4133-9aa9-46f1f8c8ffdb' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Major North American Carbon Dioxide Sources and Sinks uri: /report/nca3/chapter/biogeochemical-cycles/figure/major-north-american-carbon-dioxide-sources-and-sinks url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/ecosystems-and-biodiversity/graphics/major-north-american-carbon-dioxide usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Once created, a molecule of reactive nitrogen has a cascading impact on people and ecosystems as it contributes to a number of environmental issues. Molecular terms represent oxidized forms of nitrogen primarily from fossil fuel combustion (such as nitrogen oxides, NOx), reduced forms of nitrogen primarily from agriculture (such as ammonia, NH3), and organic forms of nitrogen (Norg) from various processes. NOy is all nitrogen-containing atmospheric gases that have both nitrogen and oxygen, other than nitrous oxide (N2O). NHx is the sum of ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4). (Figure source: adapted from EPA 2011;346e77a5-93b9-4c37-bd95-d7db44091a4c Galloway et al. 2003;c713eeb5-4e17-41e2-b65d-da453bbf9f97 with input from USDA. USDA contributors were Adam Chambers and Margaret Walsh).' chapter_identifier: biogeochemical-cycles create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/biogeochemical-cycles/figure/human-activities-that-form-reactive-nitrogen-and-resulting-consequences-in-environmental-reservoirs.yaml identifier: human-activities-that-form-reactive-nitrogen-and-resulting-consequences-in-environmental-reservoirs lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: adapted from EPA 2011;346e77a5-93b9-4c37-bd95-d7db44091a4c Galloway et al. 2003;c713eeb5-4e17-41e2-b65d-da453bbf9f97 with input from USDA. USDA contributors were Adam Chambers and Margaret Walsh submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Human Activities that Form Reactive Nitrogen and Resulting Consequences in Environmental Reservoirs uri: /report/nca3/chapter/biogeochemical-cycles/figure/human-activities-that-form-reactive-nitrogen-and-resulting-consequences-in-environmental-reservoirs url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/biogeochemical-cycles/graphics/human-activities-form-reactive-nitrogen-and-resulting usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Figure shows how climate change will affect U.S. reactive nitrogen emissions, in Teragrams (Tg) CO2 equivalent, on a 20-year (top) and 100-year (bottom) global temperature potential basis. Positive values on the vertical axis depict warming; negative values reflect cooling. The height of the bar denotes the range of uncertainty, and the white line denotes the best estimate. The relative contribution of combustion (dark brown) and agriculture (green) is denoted by the color shading. (Figure source: adapted from Pinder et al. 2012061d6ff2-42ec-4051-8c3f-416e30680df0).' chapter_identifier: biogeochemical-cycles create_dt: 2013-08-05T09:51:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/biogeochemical-cycles/figure/nitrogen-emissions.yaml identifier: nitrogen-emissions lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'adapted from Pinder et al. 2012061d6ff2-42ec-4051-8c3f-416e30680df0' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Nitrogen Emissions uri: /report/nca3/chapter/biogeochemical-cycles/figure/nitrogen-emissions url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/biogeochemical-cycles/graphics/nitrogen-emissions usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Top panel shows the impact of the alteration of the carbon cycle alone on radiative forcing. The bottom panel shows the impacts of the alteration of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles on radiative forcing. SO2 and NH3 increase aerosols and decrease radiative forcing. NH3 is likely to increase plant biomass, and consequently decrease forcing. NOx is likely to increase the formation of tropospheric ozone (O3) and increase radiative forcing. Ozone has a negative effect on plant growth/biomass, which might increase radiative forcing. CO2 and NH3 act synergistically to increase plant growth, and therefore decrease radiative forcing. SO2 is likely to reduce plant growth, perhaps through the leaching of soil nutrients, and consequently increase radiative forcing. NOx is likely to reduce plant growth directly and through the leaching of soil nutrients, therefore increasing radiative forcing. However, it could act as a fertilizer that would have the opposite effect.' chapter_identifier: biogeochemical-cycles create_dt: 2014-03-20T12:07:10 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/biogeochemical-cycles/figure/many-factors-combine-to-affect-biogeochemical-cycles.yaml identifier: many-factors-combine-to-affect-biogeochemical-cycles lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Many Factors Combine to Affect Biogeochemical Cycles uri: /report/nca3/chapter/biogeochemical-cycles/figure/many-factors-combine-to-affect-biogeochemical-cycles url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/ecosystems-and-biodiversity/graphics/many-factors-combine-affect usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: Figure shows growth in fossil fuel CO2 emissions (black line) and forest and total land carbon sinks in the U.S. for 1990–2010 (green and orange lines; from EPA 20124aa93bb8-c0d0-4735-83c2-988b43ae88f0) and for 2003 (symbols; from the first State of the Carbon Cycle Reportd980c73d-d2ba-47cb-b6d7-03e0c30f2ed9). Carbon emissions are significantly higher than the total land sink’s capacity to absorb and store them. (Data from EPA 20124aa93bb8-c0d0-4735-83c2-988b43ae88f0 and CCSP 2007d980c73d-d2ba-47cb-b6d7-03e0c30f2ed9). chapter_identifier: biogeochemical-cycles create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/biogeochemical-cycles/figure/us-carbon-sinks-absorb-a-fraction-of-co-2-emissions.yaml identifier: us-carbon-sinks-absorb-a-fraction-of-co-2-emissions lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'EPA 2012 and CCSP 20074aa93bb8-c0d0-4735-83c2-988b43ae88f0,d980c73d-d2ba-47cb-b6d7-03e0c30f2ed9' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: U.S. Carbon Sinks Absorb a Fraction of CO 2 Emissions uri: /report/nca3/chapter/biogeochemical-cycles/figure/us-carbon-sinks-absorb-a-fraction-of-co-2-emissions url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/biogeochemical-cycles/graphics/us-carbon-sinks-absorb-fraction-co2-emissions usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Changes in CO2 emissions and land-based sinks in two recent decades, showing among-year variation (vertical lines: minimum and maximum estimates among years; boxes: 25th and 75th quartiles; horizontal line: median). Total CO2 emissions, as well as total CO2 emissions from fossil fuels, have risen; land-based carbon sinks have increased slightly, but at a much slower pace. (Data from EPA 20124aa93bb8-c0d0-4735-83c2-988b43ae88f0 and CCSP 2007d980c73d-d2ba-47cb-b6d7-03e0c30f2ed9).' chapter_identifier: biogeochemical-cycles create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/biogeochemical-cycles/figure/us-carbon-sources-and-sinks-from-1991-to-2000-and-2001-to-2010.yaml identifier: us-carbon-sources-and-sinks-from-1991-to-2000-and-2001-to-2010 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'EPA 2012 and CCSP 20074aa93bb8-c0d0-4735-83c2-988b43ae88f0,d980c73d-d2ba-47cb-b6d7-03e0c30f2ed9' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: U.S. Carbon Sources and Sinks from 1991 to 2000 and 2001 to 2010 uri: /report/nca3/chapter/biogeochemical-cycles/figure/us-carbon-sources-and-sinks-from-1991-to-2000-and-2001-to-2010 url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/biogeochemical-cycles/graphics/us-carbon-sources-and-sinks-1991-2000-and-2001-2010 usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source.