- Search
- nca3 report
- publications
- contributors
Alternatives : HTML JSON YAML text N-Triples JSON Triples RDF+XML RDF+JSON Graphviz SVG
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . @prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> . @prefix gcis: <http://data.globalchange.gov/gcis.owl#> . @prefix cito: <http://purl.org/spar/cito/> . @prefix biro: <http://purl.org/spar/biro/> . <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/finding/summer-sea-ice-reduction-effects> dcterms:identifier "summer-sea-ice-reduction-effects"; gcis:findingNumber "22.1"^^xsd:string; gcis:findingStatement "Arctic summer sea ice is receding faster than previously projected and is expected to virtually disappear before mid-century. This is altering marine ecosystems and leading to greater ship access, offshore development opportunity, and increased community vulnerability to coastal erosion."^^xsd:string; gcis:isFindingOf <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska>; gcis:isFindingOf <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3>; ## Properties of the finding: gcis:findingProcess "A central component of the assessment process was the Alaska Regional Climate assessment workshop that was held September 12-15, 2012, in Anchorage with approximately 20 attendees; it began the process leading to a foundational Technical Input Report (TIR). The report consists of 148 pages of text, 45 figures, 8 tables, and 27 pages of references. Public and private citizens or institutions were consulted and engaged in its preparation and expert review by the various agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) represented by the 11-member TIR writing team. The key findings of the report were presented at the Alaska Forum on the Environment and in a regularly scheduled, monthly webinar by the Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy, with feedback then incorporated into the report.\r\nThe chapter author team engaged in multiple technical discussions via regular teleconferences. These included careful expert review of the foundational TIR and of approximately 85 additional technical inputs provided by the public, as well as the other published literature and professional judgment. These discussions were followed by expert deliberation of draft key messages by the writing team in a face-to-face meeting before each key message was selected for inclusion in the Report. These discussions were supported by targeted consultation with additional experts by the lead author of each message, and they were based on criteria that help define âkey vulnerabilitiesâ (Ch. 26: Decision Support)."^^xsd:string; gcis:descriptionOfEvidenceBase "The key message and supporting chapter text summarize extensive evidence documented in the Alaska TIR. Technical input reports (85) on a wide range of topics were also received and reviewed as part of the Federal Register Notice solicitation for public input. \r\nAlthough various models differ in the projected rate of sea ice loss, more recent CMIP5 models that most accurately reconstruct historical sea ice loss project that late-summer sea ice will virtually disappear by the 2030s, leaving only remnant sea ice. \r\nEvidence is strong about the impacts of sea ice loss. Because the sea ice cover plays such a strong role in human activities and Arctic ecosystems, loss of the ice cover is nearly certain to have substantial impacts. \r\n"^^xsd:string; gcis:assessmentOfConfidenceBasedOnEvidence "Given the evidence base and remaining uncertainties:\r\nVery high confidence for summer sea ice decline. High confidence for summer sea ice disappearing by mid-century.\r\nVery high confidence for altered marine ecosystems, greater ship access, and increased vulnerability of communities to coastal erosion.\r\nHigh confidence regarding offshore development opportunity.\r\n"^^xsd:string; gcis:newInformationAndRemainingUncertainties "Important new evidence confirmed many of the findings from a prior Alaska assessment (http://nca2009.globalchange.gov/alaska), which informed the 2009 NCA. \r\nEvidence from improved models (for example,) and updated observational data from satellite, especially new results, clearly show rapid decline in not only extent but also mass and thickness of multi-year ice, information that was not available in prior assessments. \r\nNearly all studies to date published in the peer-reviewed literature agree that summer Arctic sea ice extent is rapidly declining and that, if heat-trapping gas concentrations continue to rise, an essentially ice-free summer Arctic ocean will be realized before mid-century. However, there remains uncertainty in the rate of sea ice loss, with the models that most accurately project historical sea ice trends currently suggesting nearly ice-free conditions sometime between 2021 and 2043 (median 2035). Uncertainty across all models stems from a combination of large differences in projections among different climate models, natural climate variability, and uncertainty about future rates of fossil fuel emissions. \r\nEcosystems: \r\nThere is substantial new information that ocean acidification, rising ocean temperatures, declining sea ice, and other environmental changes are affecting the location and abundance of marine fish, including those that are commercially important, those used as food by other species, and those used for subsistence. However, the relative importance of these potential causes of change is highly uncertain.\r\nRegarding offshore oil and gas development, a key uncertainty is the price of fossil fuels. Viable avenues to improving the information base are determining the primary causes of variation among different climate models and determining which climate models exhibit the best ability to reproduce the observed rate of sea ice loss.\r\nCoastal erosion:\r\nThere is new information that lack of sea ice causes storms to produce larger waves and more coastal erosion. An additional contributing factor is that coastal bluffs that were âcementedâ by permafrost are beginning to thaw in response to warmer air and ocean waters, and are therefore more vulnerable to erosion. Standard defensive adaptation strategies to protect coastal communities from erosion such as use of rock walls, sandbags, and riprap have been largely unsuccessful. There remains considerable uncertainty, however, about the spatial patterns of future coastal erosion.\r\n"^^xsd:string; a gcis:Finding . ## This finding cites the following entities: <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/finding/summer-sea-ice-reduction-effects> cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105345>; biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/9d6e6cea-7b84-4ab3-8b27-b245b3800e4d>. <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/finding/summer-sea-ice-reduction-effects> cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1029/2011GL048681>; biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/1fb3ac6c-0180-4195-ae1d-5d28ef1ade64>. <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/finding/summer-sea-ice-reduction-effects> cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/book/458c01d4-613f-4d0d-b712-9c2c6c781651>; biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/d8db2d8d-d1d1-4d24-b662-67b26b8ac92b>. <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/finding/summer-sea-ice-reduction-effects> cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1088/1748-9326/4/2/024007>; biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/b33c6aba-d652-4f20-9809-e0948a06bcfd>. <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/finding/summer-sea-ice-reduction-effects> cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1038/nclimate1301>; biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/8d612e8b-b96e-48db-a8b4-17bcc3550f7d>. <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/finding/summer-sea-ice-reduction-effects> cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/book/64ca6609-9c68-4f91-b499-84f25cf21348>; biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/34d601bb-7781-4785-bde8-3b10be88994c>. <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/finding/summer-sea-ice-reduction-effects> cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgs-alaska-technicalregionreport-circular1379>; biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/6e174e7d-28f7-4ce4-9141-c378d82b4f53>. <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/finding/summer-sea-ice-reduction-effects> cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1126/science.1135471>; biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/215b842d-1f34-40c2-8e0e-04965ad303d6>. <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/finding/summer-sea-ice-reduction-effects> cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/webpage/f1478892-c121-4246-9559-4c7146f6acee>; biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/550d81ed-d1b4-4b46-bf5e-ea47ab3e5dea>. <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/finding/summer-sea-ice-reduction-effects> cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca2>; biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/e251f590-177e-4ba6-8ed1-6f68b5e54c8a>. <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/finding/summer-sea-ice-reduction-effects> cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0101-1>; biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/f1a5ebbc-6aba-405c-861f-62d88bae060e>. <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/finding/summer-sea-ice-reduction-effects> cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834>; biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/7ab1d9e1-75a1-48c5-8d85-02258496f919>. <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/alaska/finding/summer-sea-ice-reduction-effects> cito:cites <http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1029/2012GL052868>; biro:references <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/6e730a84-66a2-4e74-96cb-c9e6824cf185>.
