---
attrs:
  .reference_type: 0
  Abstract: "Causal attribution of recent biological trends to climate change is complicated because non-climatic influences dominate local, short-term biological changes. Any underlying signal from climate change is likely to be revealed by analyses that seek systematic trends across diverse species and geographic regions; however, debates within the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reveal several definitions of a 'systematic trend'. Here, we explore these differences, apply diverse analyses to more than 1,700 species, and show that recent biological trends match climate change predictions. Global meta-analyses documented significant range shifts averaging 6.1 km per decade towards the poles ( or metres per decade upward), and significant mean advancement of spring events by 2.3 days per decade. We define a diagnostic fingerprint of temporal and spatial 'sign-switching' responses uniquely predicted by twentieth century climate trends. Among appropriate long-term/large-scale/multi-species data sets, this diagnostic fingerprint was found for 279 species. This suite of analyses generates 'very high confidence' (as laid down by the IPCC) that climate change is already affecting living systems."
  Author: "Parmesan, C.\rYohe, G."
  Author Address: 'Parmesan, C (reprint author), Univ Texas, Patterson Labs 141, Austin, TX 78712 USA; Univ Texas, Patterson Labs 141, Austin, TX 78712 USA; Wesleyan Univ, Publ Affairs Ctr 238, Middletown, CT 06459 USA'
  DOI: 10.1038/nature01286
  Date: JAN 2 2003
  ISSN: 0028-0836
  Issue: 6918
  Journal: Nature
  Keywords: EGG-LAYING TRENDS; BRITISH BUTTERFLIES; PHENOLOGY; PLANTS; RESPONSES; BIRDS; TIME; TEMPERATURE; ABUNDANCE; MOUNTAIN
  Language: English
  Pages: 37-42
  Title: A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems
  URL: http://www.discoverlife.org/pa/or/polistes/pr/2010nsf_macro/references/Parmesan_and_Yohe2003.pdf
  Volume: 421
  Year: 2003
  _chapter: '["Ch. 8: Ecosystems FINAL"]'
  _record_number: 2431
  _uuid: b0ab019c-3ea7-4e75-986c-2cc74541c187
  reftype: Journal Article
child_publication: /article/10.1038/nature01286
description: A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems
display_name: A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems
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identifier: b0ab019c-3ea7-4e75-986c-2cc74541c187
publications:
  - /report/nca3/chapter/ecosystems
  - /report/nca3/chapter/ecosystems/finding/critical-biological-events-shift
  - /report/nca3
  - /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/water-related-illnesses
  - /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016
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uri: /reference/b0ab019c-3ea7-4e75-986c-2cc74541c187