---
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  .reference_type: 0
  Abstract: "CONTEXT: Ozone has been associated with various adverse health effects, including increased rates of hospital admissions and exacerbation of respiratory illnesses. Although numerous time-series studies have estimated associations between day-to-day variation in ozone levels and mortality counts, results have been inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether short-term (daily and weekly) exposure to ambient ozone is associated with mortality in the United States. DESIGN AND SETTING: Using analytical methods and databases developed for the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study, we estimated a national average relative rate of mortality associated with short-term exposure to ambient ozone for 95 large US urban communities from 1987-2000. We used distributed-lag models for estimating community-specific relative rates of mortality adjusted for time-varying confounders (particulate matter, weather, seasonality, and long-term trends) and hierarchical models for combining relative rates across communities to estimate a national average relative rate, taking into account spatial heterogeneity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Daily counts of total non-injury-related mortality and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in 95 large US communities during a 14-year period. RESULTS: A 10-ppb increase in the previous week's ozone was associated with a 0.52% increase in daily mortality (95% posterior interval [PI], 0.27%-0.77%) and a 0.64% increase in cardiovascular and respiratory mortality (95% PI, 0.31%-0.98%). Effect estimates for aggregate ozone during the previous week were larger than for models considering only a single day's exposure. Results were robust to adjustment for particulate matter, weather, seasonality, and long-term trends. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate a statistically significant association between short-term changes in ozone and mortality on average for 95 large US urban communities, which include about 40% of the total US population. The findings indicate that this widespread pollutant adversely affects public health."
  Author: 'Bell, M. L.; McDermott, A.; Zeger, S. L.; Samet, J. M.; Dominici, F.'
  DOI: 10.1001/jama.292.19.2372
  Date: Nov 17
  ISSN: 0098-7484
  Issue: 19
  Journal: 'JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association'
  Keywords: Air Pollution/*adverse effects/analysis/statistics & numerical data; Humans; *Mortality; Ozone/*adverse effects/analysis; United States/epidemiology; Urban Population/*statistics & numerical data; Weather
  Pages: 2372-2378
  Title: 'Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987-2000'
  Volume: 292
  Year: 2004
  _chapter: Ch10
  _record_number: 16535
  _uuid: 297b4513-6d8b-4f87-9c11-7aa89618fe2b
  reftype: Journal Article
child_publication: /article/10.1001/jama.292.19.2372
description: 'Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987-2000'
display_name: 'Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987-2000'
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identifier: 297b4513-6d8b-4f87-9c11-7aa89618fe2b
publications:
  - /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/appendix-1--technical-support-document
  - /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016
type: reference
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