---
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  Abstract: 'Temperature (T) and equivalent temperature (TE) trends over the United States from 1979 to 2005 and their correlation to land cover types are investigated using National Centers for Environmental Prediction North American Regional Reanalysis data, the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) land use/cover classification, the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 1992–2001 Retrofit Land Cover Change and the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from AVHRR. Even though most of the magnitude of TE is explained by T, the moisture component induces larger trends and variability of TE relative to T. The contrast between pronounced temporal and spatial differences between T and TE at the near-surface level (2 m) and minor-to-no differences at 300–200 mb is a consistent pattern. This study therefore demonstrates that in addition to temperature, atmospheric heat content may help to quantify the differences between surface and tropospheric heating trends, and hence the impact of land cover types on the surface temperature changes. Correlations of T and TE with NDVI reveal that TE shows a stronger relationship to vegetation cover than T, especially during the growing season, with values that are significantly different and of opposite signs (−0.31 for Tvs NDVI; 0.49 for TEvs NDVI). Our results suggest that land cover types influence both moisture availability and temperature in the lower atmosphere and that TE is larger in areas with higher physical evaporation and transpiration rates. As a result, TE can be used as an additional metric for analysing near-surface heating trends with respect to land cover types. Moreover, TE can be tested as a complementary variable for assessing the impact of land surface and boundary layer processes in re-analysis and weather/climate model studies. '
  Author: "Fall, S.\rDiffenbaugh, N.S.\rNiyogi, D.\rPielke, R.A., Sr\rRochon, G."
  DOI: 10.1002/joc.2094
  ISSN: 1097-0088
  Issue: 13
  Journal: International Journal of Climatology
  Keywords: temperature;; equivalent temperature;; heat content;; NARR;; AVHRR;; NLCD;; NDVI
  Pages: 2045-2054
  Title: Temperature and equivalent temperature over the United States (1979–2005)
  URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.2094/pdf
  Volume: 30
  Year: 2010
  _chapter: '["Ch. 13: Land Use and Land Cover Change FINAL"]'
  _record_number: 1646
  _uuid: 062cab4d-e6a4-458a-8941-9485c1e9cdfb
  reftype: Journal Article
child_publication: /article/10.1002/joc.2094
description: Temperature and equivalent temperature over the United States (1979–2005)
display_name: Temperature and equivalent temperature over the United States (1979–2005)
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publications:
  - /report/nca3/chapter/land-use-land-cover-change
  - /report/nca3/chapter/land-use-land-cover-change/finding/land-use-climate-processes
  - /report/nca3
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