---
attrs:
  .reference_type: 0
  Abstract: 'In the Arctic, permafrost extends up to 500 m below the ground surface, and it is generally just the top metre that thaws in summer. Lakes, rivers, and wetlands on the arctic landscape are normally not connected with groundwater in the same way that they are in temperate regions. When the surface is frozen in winter, only lakes deeper than 2 m and rivers with significant flow retain liquid water. Surface water is largely abundant in summer, when it serves as a breeding ground for fish, birds, and mammals. In winter, many mammals and birds are forced to migrate out of the Arctic. Fish must seek out lakes or rivers deep enough to provide good overwintering habitat. Humans in the Arctic rely on surface water in many ways. Surface water meets domestic needs such as drinking, cooking, and cleaning as well as subsistence and industrial demands. Indigenous communities depend on sea ice and waterways for transportation across the landscape and access to traditional country foods. The minerals, mining, and oil and gas industries also use large quantities of surface water during winter to build ice roads and maintain infrastructure. As demand for this limited, but heavily-relied-upon resource continues to increase, it is now more critical than ever to understand the impacts of climate change on food and water security in the Arctic.'
  Author: "White, Daniel M.\rS. Craig Gerlach\rPhilip Loring\rAmy C. Tidwell\rMolly C. Chambers"
  DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/045018
  ISSN: 1748-9326
  Issue: 4
  Journal: Environmental Research Letters
  Pages: 045018
  Title: Food and water security in a changing arctic climate
  URL: http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/2/4/045018/pdf/1748-9326_2_4_045018.pdf
  Volume: 2
  Year: 2007
  _chapter: '["Ch. 22: Alaska FINAL"]'
  _record_number: 3821
  _uuid: 058cd073-9f08-4809-9522-451f48581dbf
  reftype: Journal Article
child_publication: /article/10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/045018
description: Food and water security in a changing arctic climate
display_name: Food and water security in a changing arctic climate
href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/058cd073-9f08-4809-9522-451f48581dbf.yaml
identifier: 058cd073-9f08-4809-9522-451f48581dbf
publications:
  - /report/nca3/chapter/alaska
  - /report/nca3/chapter/alaska/finding/rising-permafrost-temperature-effects
  - /report/nca3
type: reference
uri: /reference/058cd073-9f08-4809-9522-451f48581dbf