--- articles: - contributors: [] description: 'The occurrence and distribution of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and bacterial and protozoan pathogens are controlled by diverse factors. To investigate these factors in Pennsylvania streams, 217 samples were collected quarterly from a 27-station water-quality monitoring network from July 2007 through August 2009. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of Escherichia coli (EC) and enterococci (ENT) indicator bacteria, concentrations of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts, and the presence of four genes related to pathogenic types of EC (eaeA, stx2, stx1, rfbO157) plus three microbial source tracking (MST) gene markers that are also associated with pathogenic ENT and EC (esp, LTIIa, STII). Water samples were concurrently analyzed for basic water chemistry, physical measures of water quality, nutrients, metals, and a suite of 79 organic compounds that included hormones, pharmaceuticals, and antibiotics. For each sample location, stream discharge was measured by using standardized methods at the time of sample collection, and ancillary sample site information, such as land use and geological characteristics, was compiled. Samples exceeding recreational water quality criteria were more likely to contain all measured pathogen genes but not Cryptosporidium orGiardia (oo)cysts. FIB and Giardia density and frequency of eaeA gene occurrence were significantly related to season. When discharge at a sampling location was high (>75th percentile of daily mean discharge), there were greater densities of FIB and Giardia, and the stx2, rfbO157, STII, and esp genes were found more frequently than at other discharge conditions. Giardia occurrence was likely related to nonpoint sources, which are highly influential during seasonal overland transport resulting from snowmelt and elevated precipitation in late winter and spring in Pennsylvania. When MST markers of human, swine, or bovine origin were present, samples more frequently carried the eaeA, stx2,stx1, and rfbO157 genes, but no genes were related exclusively to an individual MST marker. The human source pharmaceuticals (HSPs) acetaminophen and caffeine were correlated with Giardia, and the presence of HSPs proved to be more useful than MST markers in distinguishing the occurrence of Giardia. The HSPs caffeine and carbamazepine were correlated with the sum total of pathogen genes detected in a sample, demonstrating the value of using HSPs as an indicator of fecally derived pathogens. Sites influenced by urban land use with less forest were more likely to have greater FIB and Giardia densities and sum of the array of pathogen genes. Sites dominated by shallow carbonate bedrock in the upstream catchment were likely to have greater FIB densities and higher sum totals of pathogen genes but no correlation withGiardia detection. Our study provides a range of specific environmental, chemical, geologic, and land-use variables related to occurrence and distribution of FIB and selected bacterial and protozoan pathogens in Pennsylvania streams. The information presented could be useful for resource managers in understanding bacterial and protozoan pathogen occurrence and their relation to fecal indicator bacteria in similar settings. ' display_name: Factors related to occurrence and distribution of selected bacterial and protozoan pathogens in Pennsylvania streams doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.006 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.006.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.006 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 300-314 journal_vol: 47 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Factors related to occurrence and distribution of selected bacterial and protozoan pathogens in Pennsylvania streams type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.006 url: ~ year: 2013 - contributors: - display_name: 'Author : Stephanie A. Hines (Battelle Memorial Institute) ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/19731.yaml id: 19731 organization: country_code: US display_name: Battelle Memorial Institute identifier: battelle-memorial-institute name: Battelle Memorial Institute organization_type_identifier: non-profit type: organization url: http://www.battelle.org organization_uri: /organization/battelle-memorial-institute person: display_name: Stephanie A. Hines first_name: Stephanie A. id: 11137 last_name: Hines middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 11137 person_uri: /person/11137 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/19731 - display_name: 'Author : Daniel J. Chappie (Battelle Memorial Institute) ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/19732.yaml id: 19732 organization: country_code: US display_name: Battelle Memorial Institute identifier: battelle-memorial-institute name: Battelle Memorial Institute organization_type_identifier: non-profit type: organization url: http://www.battelle.org organization_uri: /organization/battelle-memorial-institute person: display_name: Daniel J. Chappie first_name: Daniel J. id: 11138 last_name: Chappie middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 11138 person_uri: /person/11138 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/19732 - display_name: 'Author : Robert A. Lordo (Battelle Memorial Institute) ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/19733.yaml id: 19733 organization: country_code: US display_name: Battelle Memorial Institute identifier: battelle-memorial-institute name: Battelle Memorial Institute organization_type_identifier: non-profit type: organization url: http://www.battelle.org organization_uri: /organization/battelle-memorial-institute person: display_name: Robert A. Lordo first_name: Robert A. id: 11139 last_name: Lordo middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 11139 person_uri: /person/11139 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/19733 - display_name: 'Author : Brian D. Miller (Battelle Memorial Institute) ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/19735.yaml id: 19735 organization: country_code: US display_name: Battelle Memorial Institute identifier: battelle-memorial-institute name: Battelle Memorial Institute organization_type_identifier: non-profit type: organization url: http://www.battelle.org organization_uri: /organization/battelle-memorial-institute person: display_name: Brian D. Miller first_name: Brian D. id: 11140 last_name: Miller middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 11140 person_uri: /person/11140 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/19735 - display_name: 'Author : Robert J. Janke (National Homeland Security Research Center) ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/19736.yaml id: 19736 organization: country_code: US display_name: National Homeland Security Research Center identifier: national-homeland-security-research-center name: National Homeland Security Research Center organization_type_identifier: federal type: organization url: https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-national-homeland-security-research-center-nhsrc organization_uri: /organization/national-homeland-security-research-center person: display_name: Robert J. Janke first_name: Robert J. id: 11141 last_name: Janke middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: https://www.epa.gov/research/meet-epa-scientist-robert-janke person_id: 11141 person_uri: /person/11141 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/19736 - display_name: 'Author : H. Alan Lindquist (National Homeland Security Research Center) ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/19737.yaml id: 19737 organization: country_code: US display_name: National Homeland Security Research Center identifier: national-homeland-security-research-center name: National Homeland Security Research Center organization_type_identifier: federal type: organization url: https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-national-homeland-security-research-center-nhsrc organization_uri: /organization/national-homeland-security-research-center person: display_name: H. Alan Lindquist first_name: H. Alan id: 11142 last_name: Lindquist middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 11142 person_uri: /person/11142 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/19737 - display_name: 'Author : Kim R. Fox (National Homeland Security Research Center) ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/19738.yaml id: 19738 organization: country_code: US display_name: National Homeland Security Research Center identifier: national-homeland-security-research-center name: National Homeland Security Research Center organization_type_identifier: federal type: organization url: https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-national-homeland-security-research-center-nhsrc organization_uri: /organization/national-homeland-security-research-center person: display_name: Kim R. Fox first_name: Kim R. id: 11143 last_name: Fox middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 11143 person_uri: /person/11143 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/19738 - display_name: 'Author : Hiba S. Ernst (National Homeland Security Research Center) ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/19739.yaml id: 19739 organization: country_code: US display_name: National Homeland Security Research Center identifier: national-homeland-security-research-center name: National Homeland Security Research Center organization_type_identifier: federal type: organization url: https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-national-homeland-security-research-center-nhsrc organization_uri: /organization/national-homeland-security-research-center person: display_name: Hiba S. Ernst first_name: Hiba S. id: 11144 last_name: Ernst middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 11144 person_uri: /person/11144 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/19739 - display_name: 'Author : Sarah C. Taft (National Homeland Security Research Center) ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/19740.yaml id: 19740 organization: country_code: US display_name: National Homeland Security Research Center identifier: national-homeland-security-research-center name: National Homeland Security Research Center organization_type_identifier: federal type: organization url: https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-national-homeland-security-research-center-nhsrc organization_uri: /organization/national-homeland-security-research-center person: display_name: Sarah C. Taft first_name: Sarah C. id: 11145 last_name: Taft middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 11145 person_uri: /person/11145 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/19740 - display_name: 'Point of Contact : Sarah C. Taft (National Homeland Security Research Center) ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/19741.yaml id: 19741 organization: country_code: US display_name: National Homeland Security Research Center identifier: national-homeland-security-research-center name: National Homeland Security Research Center organization_type_identifier: federal type: organization url: https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-national-homeland-security-research-center-nhsrc organization_uri: /organization/national-homeland-security-research-center person: display_name: Sarah C. Taft first_name: Sarah C. id: 11145 last_name: Taft middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 11145 person_uri: /person/11145 role_type_identifier: point_of_contact uri: /contributor/19741 description: ~ display_name: Assessment of relative potential for Legionella species or surrogates inhalation exposure from common water uses doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.013 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.013.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.013 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 203-213 journal_vol: 56 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Assessment of relative potential for Legionella species or surrogates inhalation exposure from common water uses type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.013 url: ~ year: 2014 - contributors: [] description: ~ display_name: Transport and deposition of sediment-associated Escherichia coli in natural streams doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.040 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.040.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.040 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 2665-2675 journal_vol: 39 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Transport and deposition of sediment-associated Escherichia coli in natural streams type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.040 url: ~ year: 2005 - contributors: [] description: ~ display_name: 'Implications of land disturbance on drinking water treatability in a changing climate: Demonstrating the need for "source water supply and protection" strategies' doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.051 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.051.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.051 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 461-472 journal_vol: 45 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: 'Implications of land disturbance on drinking water treatability in a changing climate: Demonstrating the need for "source water supply and protection" strategies' type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.051 url: ~ year: 2011 - contributors: [] description: "This study aimed to investigate the impact of small tributaries on seawater and shellfish quality in coastal area subjected to brief episodes leading to fecal contamination. Escherichia coli and F-RNA-specific bacteriophages were selected as fecal indicators and astroviruses were chosen as being representative of pathogens in the human population during winter viral epidemics. A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model was built to simulate the current and dispersion in the model domain, which includes areas uncovered at low tide. The model also includes decay rates to simulate microorganism behavior and assess the influence of fecal input on shellfish quality. The originality lies in the fact that specific features of the study area were considered. Modeling results indicate limited particle movements and long flushing times at the back of the bay, where shellfish are farmed. Computational results showed that under normal conditions, i.e. 94% of the time, when rainfall was less than 10 mm per day, the sector shows acceptable water quality. These results are in agreement with shellfish concentration measured in the field. Under high flow conditions, high concentrations of fecal indicators and astrovirus were measured in the river and tributaries. The corresponding fluxes were over 50 times higher than under normal weather conditions. The location of the shellfish beds near the coast makes them vulnerable and fecal indicators and viruses were detected in shellfish after short rainfall events. Our modeling approach makes a contribution to shellfish management and consumer protection, by indicating the 'risk period' as defined by EU regulations. Molecular development such as viral quantification in conjunction with model developments will help to prevent shellfish contamination and thus provide safer products to consumers and an effective tool for shellfish producers. " display_name: Microbial impact of small tributaries on water and shellfish quality in shallow coastal areas doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.003 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.003.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.003 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 2774-2786 journal_vol: 41 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Microbial impact of small tributaries on water and shellfish quality in shallow coastal areas type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.003 url: ~ year: 2007 - contributors: [] description: 'Salmonella and Campylobacter prevalence in stream networks of the Satilla River Basin (SRB) were monitored monthly from August 2007 to August 2009 to study relationships between these pathogens and land use, presence of poultry houses and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharge. Salmonella and Campylobacter were detected at all 10 stream sites and the three sites at the sole wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the study area. In all, 43% (129/299) and 62% (96/156) of samples were positive forSalmonella and Campylobacter, respectively, with detection frequency increasing in downstream sites with more poultry production and influence of WWTP discharge. BothSalmonella and Campylobacter detection frequencies were positively associated with the number of poultry houses in the subwatersheds, but agricultural land use as a proportion of the watershed was not a significant predictor of either pathogen. Fecal indicator bacterial levels were assessed and evaluated for their ability to predict the presence of pathogens. Of those examined, enterococci was most predictive; of the 129 samples positive for Salmonella, 88% (113/129) were detected when enterococci were above EPA single sample threshold (61 CFU 100 ml-1); and of the 96 samples positive forCampylobacter, 90% (86/96) were detected when enterococci levels exceeded this level. Comparatively, Escherichia coli concentrations were above EPA single sample thresholds in 38% (49/129) of the positive Salmonella samples. Detection of the pathogens throughout the watershed indicated that there was potential for waterborne transmission especially in downstream areas that were more likely to have recreational users. ' display_name: Landscape and seasonal factors influence Salmonella and Campylobacter prevalence in a rural mixed use watershed doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.028 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.028.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.028 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 6075-6085 journal_vol: 47 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Landscape and seasonal factors influence Salmonella and Campylobacter prevalence in a rural mixed use watershed type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.028 url: ~ year: 2013 - contributors: - display_name: 'Author : Brett Froelich (The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute of Marine Sciences) ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/21448.yaml id: 21448 organization: country_code: US display_name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute of Marine Sciences identifier: university-north-carolina-chapel-hill-institute-marine-sciences name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute of Marine Sciences organization_type_identifier: academic type: organization url: http://ims.unc.edu/ organization_uri: /organization/university-north-carolina-chapel-hill-institute-marine-sciences person: display_name: Brett Froelich first_name: Brett id: 11629 last_name: Froelich middle_name: ~ orcid: 0000-0003-0402-2357 type: person url: http://noble.web.unc.edu/team/brett-froelich/ person_id: 11629 person_uri: /person/11629 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/21448 - display_name: 'Author : James Bowen (The University of North Carolina at Charlotte Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering) ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/21401.yaml id: 21401 organization: country_code: US display_name: The University of North Carolina at Charlotte Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering identifier: university-north-carolina-charlotte-department-civil-environmental-engineering name: The University of North Carolina at Charlotte Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering organization_type_identifier: academic type: organization url: http://cee.uncc.edu/ organization_uri: /organization/university-north-carolina-charlotte-department-civil-environmental-engineering person: display_name: James Bowen first_name: James id: 11616 last_name: Bowen middle_name: ~ orcid: 0000-0002-1671-4011 type: person url: http://coefs.uncc.edu/jdbowen/ person_id: 11616 person_uri: /person/11616 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/21401 - display_name: 'Author : Raul Gonzalez (The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering) ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/21402.yaml id: 21402 organization: country_code: US display_name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering identifier: university-north-carolina-chapel-hill-department-environmental-sciences-engineering name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering organization_type_identifier: academic type: organization url: http://sph.unc.edu/envr/environmental-sciences-and-engineering-home/ organization_uri: /organization/university-north-carolina-chapel-hill-department-environmental-sciences-engineering person: display_name: Raul Gonzalez first_name: Raul id: 11617 last_name: Gonzalez middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 11617 person_uri: /person/11617 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/21402 - display_name: 'Author : Alexandra Snedeker (The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute for the Environment) ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/21403.yaml id: 21403 organization: country_code: US display_name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute for the Environment identifier: university-north-carolina-chapel-hill-institute-environment name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute for the Environment organization_type_identifier: research type: organization url: http://ie.unc.edu/ organization_uri: /organization/university-north-carolina-chapel-hill-institute-environment person: display_name: Alexandra Snedeker first_name: Alexandra id: 11618 last_name: Snedeker middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 11618 person_uri: /person/11618 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/21403 - display_name: 'Author : Rachel Noble (The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute of Marine Sciences) ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/21404.yaml id: 21404 organization: country_code: US display_name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute of Marine Sciences identifier: university-north-carolina-chapel-hill-institute-marine-sciences name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute of Marine Sciences organization_type_identifier: academic type: organization url: http://ims.unc.edu/ organization_uri: /organization/university-north-carolina-chapel-hill-institute-marine-sciences person: display_name: Rachel Noble first_name: Rachel id: 11619 last_name: Noble middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: http://noble.web.unc.edu/team/rachel-noble/ person_id: 11619 person_uri: /person/11619 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/21404 description: 'Bacteria in the genus Vibrio are ubiquitous to estuarine waters worldwide and are often the dominant genus recovered from these environments. This genus contains several potentially pathogenic species, including Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio alginolyticus. These bacteria have short generation times, as low as 20-30 min, and can thus respond rapidly to changing environmental conditions. A five-parameter mechanistic model was generated based on environmental processes including hydrodynamics, growth, and death rates of Vibrio bacteria to predict total Vibrio abundance in the Neuse River Estuary of eastern North Carolina. Additionally an improved statistical model was developed using the easily monitored parameters of temperature and salinity. This updated model includes data that covers more than eight years of constant bacterial monitoring, and incorporates extreme weather events such as droughts, storms, and floods. These models can be used to identify days in which bacterial abundance might coincide with increased health risks. ' display_name: Mechanistic and statistical models of total Vibrio abundance in the Neuse River Estuary doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.050 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.050.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.050 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 5783-5793 journal_vol: 47 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Mechanistic and statistical models of total Vibrio abundance in the Neuse River Estuary type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.050 url: ~ year: 2013 - contributors: [] description: 'Climate change scenarios predict that rivers, lakes, and reservoirs will experience increased temperatures, more intense and longer periods of thermal stratification, modified hydrology, and altered nutrient loading. These environmental drivers will have substantial effects on freshwater phytoplankton species composition and biomass, potentially favouring cyanobacteria over other phytoplankton. In this Review, we examine how several cyanobacterial eco-physiological traits, specifically, the ability to grow in warmer temperatures; buoyancy; high affinity for, and ability to store, phosphorus; nitrogen-fixation; akinete production; and efficient light harvesting, vary amongst cyanobacteria genera and may enable them to dominate in future climate scenarios. We predict that spatial variation in climate change will interact with physiological variation in cyanobacteria to create differences in the dominant cyanobacterial taxa among regions. Finally, we suggest that physiological traits specific to different cyanobacterial taxa may favour certain taxa over others in different regions, but overall, cyanobacteria as a group are likely to increase in most regions in the future. ' display_name: Eco-physiological adaptations that favour freshwater cyanobacteria in a changing climate doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.016 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.016.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.016 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 1394-1407 journal_vol: 46 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Eco-physiological adaptations that favour freshwater cyanobacteria in a changing climate type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.016 url: ~ year: 2012 - contributors: - display_name: 'Author : Elizabeth P. Sauer ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/6817.yaml id: 6817 organization: ~ organization_uri: ~ person: display_name: Elizabeth P. Sauer first_name: Elizabeth P. id: 4560 last_name: Sauer middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 4560 person_uri: /person/4560 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/6817 - display_name: 'Author : Jessica L. VandeWalle ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/6818.yaml id: 6818 organization: ~ organization_uri: ~ person: display_name: Jessica L. VandeWalle first_name: Jessica L. id: 4561 last_name: VandeWalle middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 4561 person_uri: /person/4561 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/6818 - display_name: 'Author : Melinda J. Bootsma ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/6819.yaml id: 6819 organization: ~ organization_uri: ~ person: display_name: Melinda J. Bootsma first_name: Melinda J. id: 4562 last_name: Bootsma middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 4562 person_uri: /person/4562 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/6819 - display_name: 'Author : Sandra McLellan ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/6074.yaml id: 6074 organization: ~ organization_uri: ~ person: display_name: Sandra McLellan first_name: 'Sandra ' id: 3846 last_name: McLellan middle_name: L. orcid: 0000-0003-3283-1151 type: person url: https://uwm.edu/freshwater/people/mclellan-sandra/ person_id: 3846 person_uri: /person/3846 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/6074 description: 'Human sewage contamination of surface waters is a major human health concern. We found urban stormwater systems that collect and convey runoff from impervious surfaces act as a conduit for sewage originating from breeches in sanitary sewer infrastructure. A total of 828 samples at 45 stormwater outfalls were collected over a four-year period and assessed by culture based methods, PCR, and quantitative PCR (qPCR) to test for traditional and alternative indicators of fecal pollution. All outfalls had the HF183 (human)Bacteroides genetic marker detected in at least one sample, suggesting sewage contamination is nearly ubiquitous in the urban environment. However, most outfalls were intermittently positive, ranging from detection in 11%-100% of the samples. Positive results did not correlate with seasonality, rainfall amounts, or days since previous rainfall. Approximately two-thirds of the outfalls had high (>5000 copy number, i.e. CN, per 100 ml) or moderate levels (1000-5000 CN per 100 ml) of the humanBacteroides genetic marker. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and enterococci levels did not correlate to human Bacteroides. A total of 66% of all outfall samples had standard fecal indicator levels above 10,000 CFU per 100 ml. A tiered assessment using this benchmark to identify high priority sites would have failed to flag 35% of the samples that had evidence of sewage contamination. In addition, high fecal indicators would have flagged 33% of samples as priority that had low or no evidence of sewage. Enteric virus levels in one outfall with high levels of the human Bacteroides genetic marker were similar to untreated wastewater, which illustrates stormwater can serve as a pathway for pathogen contamination. The major source of fecal pollution at four of five river sites that receive stormwater discharge appeared to be from sewage sources rather than non-human sources based on the ratios of human Bacteroides to total Bacteroides spp. This study shows the feasibility and benefits of employing molecular methods to test for alternative indicators of fecal pollution to identify sewage sources and potential health risks and for prioritization of remediation efforts. ' display_name: Detection of the human specific Bacteroides genetic marker provides evidence of widespread sewage contamination of stormwater in the urban environment doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.049 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.049.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.049 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 4081-4091 journal_vol: 45 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Detection of the human specific Bacteroides genetic marker provides evidence of widespread sewage contamination of stormwater in the urban environment type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.049 url: ~ year: 2011 - contributors: [] description: "This study is the first to report a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) on pathogens detected in stormwater discharges-of-concern, rather than relying on pathogen measurements in receiving waters. The pathogen concentrations include seven 'Reference Pathogens' identified by the U.S. EPA: Cryptosporidium, Giardia,Salmonella, Norovirus, Rotavirus, Enterovirus, and Adenovirus. Data were collected from 12 sites representative of seven discharge types (including residential, commercial/industrial runoff, agricultural runoff, combined sewer overflows, and forested land), mainly during wet weather conditions during which times human health risks can be substantially elevated. The risks calculated herein therefore generally apply to short-term conditions (during and just after rainfall events) and so the results can be used by water managers to potentially inform the public, even for waters that comply with current criteria (based as they are on a 30-day mean risk). Using an example waterbody and mixed source, pathogen concentrations were used in QMRA models to generate risk profiles for primary and secondary water contact (or inhalation) by adults and children. A number of critical assumptions and considerations around the QMRA analysis are highlighted, particularly the harmonization of the pathogen concentrations measured in discharges during this project with those measured (using different methods) during the published dose-response clinical trials. Norovirus was the most dominant predicted health risk, though further research on its dose-response for illness (cf. infection) is needed. Even if the example mixed-source concentrations of pathogens had been reduced 30 times (by inactivation and mixing), the predicted swimming-associated illness rates - largely driven by Norovirus infections - can still be appreciable. Rotavirus generally induced the second-highest incidence of risk among the tested pathogens while risks for the other Reference Pathogens (Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Adenovirus, Enterovirus and Salmonella) were considerably lower. Secondary contact or inhalation resulted in considerable reductions in risk compared to primary contact. Measurements of Norovirus and careful incorporation of its concentrations into risk models (harmonization) should be a critical consideration for future QMRA efforts. The discharge-based QMRA approach presented herein is particularly relevant to cases where pathogens cannot be reliably detected in receiving waters with detection limits relevant to human health effects. " display_name: Discharge-based QMRA for estimation of public health risks from exposure to stormwater-borne pathogens in recreational waters in the United States doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.001 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.001.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.001 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 5282-5297 journal_vol: 47 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Discharge-based QMRA for estimation of public health risks from exposure to stormwater-borne pathogens in recreational waters in the United States type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.001 url: ~ year: 2013 - contributors: [] description: 'Background: Traditional fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) measurement is too slow (>18 h) for timely swimmer warnings. Objectives: Assess relationship of rapid indicator methods (qPCR) to illness at a marine beach impacted by urban runoff. Methods: We measured baseline and two-week health in 9525 individuals visiting Doheny Beach 2007-08. Illness rates were compared (swimmers vs. non-swimmers). FIB measured by traditional (Enterococcus spp. by EPA Method 1600 or Enterolerttm, fecal coliforms, total coliforms) and three rapid qPCR assays for Enterococcus spp. (Taqman, Scorpion-1, Scorpion-2) were compared to health. Primary bacterial source was a creek flowing untreated into ocean; the creek did not reach the ocean when a sand berm formed. This provided a natural experiment for examining FIB-health relationships under varying conditions. Results: We observed significant increases in diarrhea (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.29-2.80 for swallowing water) and other outcomes in swimmers compared to non-swimmers. Exposure (body immersion, head immersion, swallowed water) was associated with increasing risk of gastrointestinal illness (GI). Daily GI incidence patterns were different: swimmers (2-day peak) and non-swimmers (no peak). With berm-open, we observed associations between GI and traditional and rapid methods for Enterococcus; fewer associations occurred when berm status was not considered. Conclusions: We found increased risk of GI at this urban runoff beach. When FIB source flowed freely (berm-open), several traditional and rapid indicators were related to illness. When FIB source was weak (berm-closed) fewer illness associations were seen. These different relationships under different conditions at a single beach demonstrate the difficulties using these indicators to predict health risk. ' display_name: Using rapid indicators for Enterococcus to assess the risk of illness after exposure to urban runoff contaminated marine water doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.033 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.033.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.033 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 2176-2186 journal_vol: 46 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Using rapid indicators for Enterococcus to assess the risk of illness after exposure to urban runoff contaminated marine water type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.033 url: ~ year: 2012 - contributors: [] description: 'Epidemiology studies of recreational waters have demonstrated that swimmers exposed to faecally-contaminated recreational waters are at risk of excess gastrointestinal illness. Epidemiology studies provide valuable information on the nature and extent of health effects, the magnitude of risks, and how these risks are modified or associated with levels of faecal contamination and other measures of pollution. However, such studies have not provided information about the specific microbial agents that are responsible for the observed illnesses in swimmers. The objective of this work was to understand more fully the reported epidemiologic results from studies conducted on the Great Lakes in the US during 2003 and 2004 by identifying pathogens that could have caused the observed illnesses in those studies. We used a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) approach to estimate the likelihood of pathogen-induced adverse health effects. The reference pathogens used for this analysis were Norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Two QMRA-based approaches were used to estimate the pathogen combinations that would be consistent with observed illness rates: in the first, swimming-associated gastrointestinal (GI) illnesses were assumed to occur in the same proportion as known illnesses in the US due to all non-foodborne sources, and in the second, pathogens were assumed to occur in the recreational waters in the same proportion as they occur in disinfected secondary effluent. The results indicate that human enteric viruses and in particular, Norovirus could have caused the vast majority of the observed swimming-associated GI illnesses during the 2003/2004 water epidemiology studies. Evaluation of the time-to-onset of illness strongly supports the principal finding and sensitivity analyses support the overall trends of the analyses even given their substantial uncertainties. ' display_name: Estimating the primary etiologic agents in recreational freshwaters impacted by human sources of faecal contamination doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.064 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.064.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.064 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 4736-4747 journal_vol: 44 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Estimating the primary etiologic agents in recreational freshwaters impacted by human sources of faecal contamination type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.064 url: ~ year: 2010 - contributors: [] description: 'The presence of pathogenic free-living amoebae (FLA) such as Naegleria fowleri in freshwater environments is a potential public health risk. Although its occurrence in various water sources has been well reported, its presence and associated factors in biofilm remain unknown. In this study, the density of N. fowleri in biofilms spontaneously growing on glass slides fed by raw freshwater were followed at 32 degC and 42 degC for 45 days. The biofilms were collected with their substrata and characterized for their structure, numbered for their bacterial density, thermophilic free-living amoebae, and pathogenic N. fowleri. The cell density of N. fowleri within the biofilms was significantly affected both by the temperature and the nutrient level (bacteria/amoeba ratio). At 32 degC, the density remained constantly low (1-10 N. fowleri/cm2) indicating that the amoebae were in a survival state, whereas at 42 degC the density reached 30-900 N. fowleri/cm2indicating an active growth phase. The nutrient level, as well, strongly affected the apparent specific growth rate (m) of N. fowleri in the range of 0.03-0.23 h[?]1. At 42 degC a hyperbolic relationship was found between m and the bacteria/amoeba ratio. A ratio of 106 to 107 bacteria/amoeba was needed to approach the apparent mmax value (0.23 h[?]1). Data analysis also showed that a threshold for the nutrient level of close to 104bacteria/amoeba is needed to detect the growth of N. fowleri in freshwater biofilm. This study emphasizes the important role of the temperature and bacteria as prey to promote not only the growth of N. fowleri, but also its survival. ' display_name: Growth dynamic of Naegleria fowleri in a microbial freshwater biofilm doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.030 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.030.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.030 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 3958-3966 journal_vol: 46 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Growth dynamic of Naegleria fowleri in a microbial freshwater biofilm type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.030 url: ~ year: 2012 - contributors: [] description: 'Accumulation and breakthrough of several potentially toxic cyanobacterial species within drinking water treatment plants (DWTP) have been reported recently. The objectives of this project were to test the efficiency of different treatment barriers in cyanobacterial removal. Upon observation of cyanobacterial blooms, intensive sampling was conducted inside a full scale DWTP at raw water, clarification, filtration and oxidation processes. Samples were taken for microscopic speciation/enumeration and microcystins analysis. Total cyanobacteria cell numbers exceeded World Health Organisation and local alert levels in raw water (6,90,000 cells/mL). Extensive accumulation of cyanobacteria species in sludge beds and filters, and interruption of treatment were observed.Aphanizomenon cells were poorly coagulated and they were not trapped efficiently in the sludge. It was also demonstrated that Aphanizomenon cells passed through and were not retained over the filter. However, Microcystis, Anabaena, and Pseudanabaena cells were adequately removed by clarification and filtration processes. The breakthrough of non toxic cyanobacterial cells into DWTPs could also result in severe treatment disruption leading to plant shutdown. Application of intervention threshold values restricted to raw water does not take into consideration the major long term accumulation of potentially toxic cells in the sludge and the risk of toxins release. Thus, a sampling regime inside the plant adapted to cyanobacterial occurrence and intensity is recommended. ' display_name: Species-dependence of cyanobacteria removal efficiency by different drinking water treatment processes doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.02.040 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2013.02.040.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.02.040 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 2689-2700 journal_vol: 47 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Species-dependence of cyanobacteria removal efficiency by different drinking water treatment processes type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2013.02.040 url: ~ year: 2013 - contributors: [] description: 'Urban runoff can carry a variety of pollutants into recreational beaches, often including bacterial pathogens and indicators of fecal contamination. To develop complete recreational criteria and risk assessments, it is necessary to understand conditions under which human contamination could be present at beaches solely impacted by urban runoff. Accurately estimating risk requires understanding sources, concentrations, and transport mechanisms of microbial contaminants in these environments. By applying microbial source tracking methods and empirical modeling, we assessed the presence and level of human contamination at urban runoff impacted recreational beaches. We also identified environmental parameters and pollution sources that can influence the concentration and transport of culturable and molecular fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in systems impacted solely by urban runoff. Water samples and physico-chemical parameters were collected from shoreline locations from three South Carolina (SC) beaches (five locations per beach) and two Florida (FL) beaches (three locations per beach). Each SC beach was directly impacted by swashes or tidal creeks receiving stormwater runoff from the urbanized area and therefore were designated as swash drain associated (SDA) beaches, while FL beaches were designated as non-swash drain associated (NSDA). Sampling in swash drains (SD; three sites per SD) directly impacting each SC beach was also conducted. Results indicate that although culturable (enterococci) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (EC23S857, Entero1, and GenBac3) FIB concentrations were, on average, higher at SD locations, SDA beaches did not have consistently higher molecular FIB signals compared to NSDA beaches. Both human-associated markers (HF183 and HumM2) were concomitantly found only at SDA beaches. Bacteroidales species-specific qPCR markers (BsteriF1 and BuniF2) identified differences in the Bacteroidales community, depending on beach type. The marker for general Bacteroidales was most abundant at SD locations and exhibited a high correlation with both culturable and other molecular markers. Combining molecular information with predictive modeling allowed us to identify both alongshore movement of currents and SD outflow as significant influences on the concentration of molecular and culturable indicators in the bathing zone. Data also suggests that combining methodologies is a useful and cost effective approach to help understand transport dynamics of fecal contamination and identify potential sources of contamination at marine beaches. ' display_name: Factors affecting the presence of human-associated and fecal indicator real-time quantitative PCR genetic markers in urban-impacted recreational beaches doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.06.036 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2014.06.036.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.06.036 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 196-208 journal_vol: 64 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Factors affecting the presence of human-associated and fecal indicator real-time quantitative PCR genetic markers in urban-impacted recreational beaches type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2014.06.036 url: ~ year: 2014 - contributors: [] description: 'Fecal contamination in stormwater is often complex. Because conventional fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) cannot be used to ascertain source of fecal contamination, alternative indicators are being explored to partition these sources. As they are assessed for future use, it is critical to compare alternative indicators to conventional FIB under a range of stormwater delivery conditions. In this study, conventional FIB and fecalBacteroides spp. were monitored throughout the duration of five storm events from coastal stormwater outfalls in Dare County, North Carolina, USA to characterize relationships among FIB concentrations, alternative fecal markers, and loading of contaminants. Water samples were collected multiple times during each storm and analyzed for Enterococcus sp. and Escherichia coli using enzymatic tests and fecalBacteroides spp. by QPCR. Both conventional FIB and fecal Bacteroides spp. concentrations in stormwater were generally high and extremely variable over the course of the storm events. Over the very short distances between sites, we observed statistically significant spatial and temporal variability, indicating that stormwater monitoring based on single grab-samples is inappropriate. Loading of FIB and fecalBacteroides spp. appeared to be affected differently by various hydrologic factors. Specifically, Spearman correlations between fecal Bacteroides spp. and drainage area and antecedent rainfall were lower than those between conventional FIB and these hydrologic factors. Furthermore, the patterns of fecal Bacteroides spp. concentrations generally increased over the duration of the storms, whereas E. coli and Enterococcussp. concentrations generally followed the patterns of the hydrograph, peaking early and tailing off. Given the greater source-specificity and limited persistence of fecalBacteroides spp. in oxygenated environments, differences in these patterns suggest multiple delivery modes of fecal contamination (i.e. landscape scouring versus groundwater discharge). ' display_name: Contrasts in concentrations and loads of conventional and alternative indicators of fecal contamination in coastal stormwater doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.07.029 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2011.07.029.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.07.029 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 5229-5240 journal_vol: 45 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Contrasts in concentrations and loads of conventional and alternative indicators of fecal contamination in coastal stormwater type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2011.07.029 url: ~ year: 2011 - contributors: [] description: 'We investigated the potential for a variety of environmental reservoirs to harbor or contribute fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), DNA markers of human fecal contamination, and human pathogens to a freshwater lake. We hypothesized that submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), sediments, and stormwater act as reservoirs and/or provide inputs of FIB and human pathogens to this inland water. Analysis included microbial source tracking (MST) markers of sewage contamination (Enterococcus faecium esp gene, human-associated Bacteroides HF183, and human polyomaviruses), pathogens (Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and enteric viruses), and FIB (fecal coliforms,Escherichia coli, and enterococci). Bayesian analysis was used to assess relationships among microbial and physicochemical variables. FIB in the water were correlated with concentrations in SAV and sediment. Furthermore, the correlation of antecedent rainfall and major rain events with FIB concentrations and detection of human markers and pathogens points toward multiple reservoirs for microbial contaminants in this system. Although pathogens and human-source markers were detected in 55% and 21% of samples, respectively, markers rarely coincided with pathogen detection. Bayesian analysis revealed that low concentrations (<45 CFU x 100 ml[?]1) of fecal coliforms were associated with 93% probability that pathogens would not be detected; furthermore the Bayes net model showed associations between elevated temperature and rainfall with fecal coliform and enterococci concentrations, but not E. coli. These data indicate that many under-studied matrices (e.g. SAV, sediment, stormwater) are important reservoirs for FIB and potentially human pathogens and demonstrate the usefulness of Bayes net analysis for water quality assessment. ' display_name: Assessment of sources of human pathogens and fecal contamination in a Florida freshwater lake doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.012 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.012.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.012 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 5799-5812 journal_vol: 46 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Assessment of sources of human pathogens and fecal contamination in a Florida freshwater lake type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.012 url: ~ year: 2012 - contributors: [] description: "Cyanobacteria are the Earth's oldest ([?]3.5 bya) oxygen evolving organisms, and they have had major impacts on shaping our modern-day biosphere. Conversely, biospheric environmental perturbations, including nutrient enrichment and climatic changes (e.g. global warming, hydrologic changes, increased frequencies and intensities of tropical cyclones, more intense and persistent droughts), strongly affect cyanobacterial growth and bloom potentials in freshwater and marine ecosystems. We examined human and climatic controls on harmful (toxic, hypoxia-generating, food web disrupting) bloom-forming cyanobacteria (CyanoHABs) along the freshwater to marine continuum. These changes may act synergistically to promote cyanobacterial dominance and persistence. This synergy is a formidable challenge to water quality, water supply and fisheries managers, because bloom potentials and controls may be altered in response to contemporaneous changes in thermal and hydrologic regimes. In inland waters, hydrologic modifications, including enhanced vertical mixing and, if water supplies permit, increased flushing (reducing residence time) will likely be needed in systems where nutrient input reductions are neither feasible nor possible. Successful control of CyanoHABs by grazers is unlikely except in specific cases. Overall, stricter nutrient management will likely be the most feasible and practical approach to long-term CyanoHAB control in a warmer, stormier and more extreme world. " display_name: 'Climate change: Links to global expansion of harmful cyanobacteria' doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.002 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.002.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.002 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 1349-1363 journal_vol: 46 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: 'Climate change: Links to global expansion of harmful cyanobacteria' type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.002 url: ~ year: 2012 - contributors: [] description: 'The detection of cyanobacteria and their associated toxins has intensified in recent years in both drinking water sources and the raw water of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The objectives of this study were to: 1) estimate the breakthrough and accumulation of toxic cyanobacteria in water, scums and sludge inside a DWTP, and 2) to determine whether chlorination can be an efficient barrier to the prevention of cyanotoxin breakthrough in drinking water. In a full scale DWTP, the fate of cyanobacteria and their associated toxins was studied after the addition of coagulant and powdered activated carbon, post clarification, within the clarifier sludge bed, after filtration and final chlorination. Elevated cyanobacterial cell numbers (4.7 x 106 cells/mL) and total microcystins concentrations (up to 10 mg/L) accumulated in the clarifiers of the treatment plant. Breakthrough of cells and toxins in filtered water was observed. Also, a total microcystins concentration of 2.47 mg/L was measured in chlorinated drinking water. Cyanobacterial cells and toxins from environmental bloom samples were more resistant to chlorination than results obtained using laboratory cultured cells and dissolved standard toxins. ' display_name: 'Toxic cyanobacterial breakthrough and accumulation in a drinking water plant: A monitoring and treatment challenge' doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.012 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.012.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.012 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 1511-1523 journal_vol: 46 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: 'Toxic cyanobacterial breakthrough and accumulation in a drinking water plant: A monitoring and treatment challenge' type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.012 url: ~ year: 2012 - contributors: [] description: 'There is increasing evidence that recent changes in climate have had an effect on lake phytoplankton communities and it has been suggested that it is likely that Cyanobacteria will increase in relative abundance under the predicted future climate. However, testing such a qualitative prediction is challenging and usually requires some form of numerical computer model. Therefore, the lake modelling literature was reviewed for studies that examined the impact of climate change upon Cyanobacteria. These studies, taken collectively, generally show an increase in relative Cyanobacteria abundance with increasing water temperature, decreased flushing rate and increased nutrient loads. Furthermore, they suggest that whilst the direct effects of climate change on the lakes can change the timing of bloom events and Cyanobacteria abundance, the amount of phytoplankton biomass produced over a year is not enhanced directly by these changes. Also, warmer waters in the spring increased nutrient consumption by the phytoplankton community which in some lakes caused nitrogen limitation later in the year to the advantage of some nitrogen-fixing Cyanobacteria. Finally, it is also possible that an increase in Cyanobacteria dominance of the phytoplankton biomass will lead to poorer energy flow to higher trophic levels due to their relatively poor edibility for zooplankton. ' display_name: 'Is the future blue-green? A review of the current model predictions of how climate change could affect pelagic freshwater cyanobacteria' doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.018 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.018.yaml identifier: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.018 journal_identifier: water-research journal_pages: 1364-1371 journal_vol: 46 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: 'Is the future blue-green? A review of the current model predictions of how climate change could affect pelagic freshwater cyanobacteria' type: article uri: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.018 url: ~ year: 2012 cited_by: [] contributors: - display_name: 'Publisher : I W A Publishing ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/19071.yaml id: 19071 organization: country_code: UK display_name: I W A Publishing identifier: iwa-publishing name: I W A Publishing organization_type_identifier: commercial type: organization url: http://www.iwapublishing.com/ organization_uri: /organization/iwa-publishing person: {} person_id: ~ person_uri: ~ role_type_identifier: publisher uri: /contributor/19071 country: ~ description: ~ display_name: Water Research files: - display_name: 309.gif file: b5/d8/32c53fb1a0f3a2e938e66e0f7ee4/309.gif href: http://data.globalchange.gov/assets/b5/d8/32c53fb1a0f3a2e938e66e0f7ee4/309.gif identifier: 1c8b5fc1-457c-419b-9484-6ef0b7bb40b5 landing_page: ~ location: ~ mime_type: image/gif sha1: 4ed7e370585fcb3181e29fe811b0052edb2698fb size: 10443 thumbnail: b5/d8/32c53fb1a0f3a2e938e66e0f7ee4/.thumb-1c8b5fc1-457c-419b-9484-6ef0b7bb40b5.png thumbnail_href: http://data.globalchange.gov/assets/b5/d8/32c53fb1a0f3a2e938e66e0f7ee4/.thumb-1c8b5fc1-457c-419b-9484-6ef0b7bb40b5.png type: file uri: /file/1c8b5fc1-457c-419b-9484-6ef0b7bb40b5 url: http://data.globalchange.gov/assets/b5/d8/32c53fb1a0f3a2e938e66e0f7ee4/309.gif href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/journal/water-research.yaml identifier: water-research notes: ~ online_issn: 1879-2448 parents: [] print_issn: 0043-1354 publisher: I W A Publishing references: [] title: Water Research type: journal uri: /journal/water-research url: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/water-research/