--- articles: - contributors: [] description: "Gambierdiscus species produce toxins that cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), the most common nonbacterial illness associated with fish consumption worldwide. Understanding the role that individual Gambierdiscus species play in causing CFP is hampered because the morphologically similar species in the genus are difficult to distinguish. Ambiguities in the description of the type species Gambierdiscus toxicus also exist. This paper presents detailed line drawings along with additional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light micrographs to more fully characterize the six knownGambierdiscus species in addition to describing four new species, Gambierdiscus caribaeus sp. nov., Gambierdiscus carolinianus sp. nov., Gambierdiscus carpenteri sp. nov., and Gambierdiscus ruetzleri sp. nov. All four of the new species are photosynthetic and epibenthic and have a Kofoidian plate formula of Po, 3', 7'', 6C, 6 or 7S, 5''', 1p, and 2''''. Establishment of these species is supported by both morphological differences and three independent phylogenetic analyses utilizing small-subunit, as well as D1-D3 and D8-D10 large-subunit rDNA gene sequences. During the course of this study it became apparent that the description of the type species, G. toxicus, included more than one species. Since no type material exists we propose that Fig. 1 in Adachi and Fukuyo (1979) be designated as the lectotype for this species and that the epithecal view of isolate GTT-91 shown in Fig. 1 from Chinain et al. (1999) be designated as the epitype. The GTT-91 isolate has been well characterized genetically and the original SEM stub of this isolate archived at the Smithsonian Institution has been re-examined to provide a more detailed morphological analysis of the epitype. " display_name: 'Taxonomy of Gambierdiscus including four new species, Gambierdiscus caribaeus, Gambierdiscus carolinianus, Gambierdiscus carpenteri and Gambierdiscus ruetzleri (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae)' doi: 10.2216/07-15.1 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.2216/07-15.1.yaml identifier: 10.2216/07-15.1 journal_identifier: phycologia journal_pages: 344-390 journal_vol: 48 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: 'Taxonomy of Gambierdiscus including four new species, Gambierdiscus caribaeus, Gambierdiscus carolinianus, Gambierdiscus carpenteri and Gambierdiscus ruetzleri (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae)' type: article uri: /article/10.2216/07-15.1 url: ~ year: 2009 - contributors: [] description: "In some situations algal blooms can have detrimental consequences to aquaculture, fisheries and tourism, with major economic, environmental and human health problems. Some 300 of the 5000 known species of marine phytoplankton can at times occur in such high numbers that they discolour the sea (red tides) and 40 or so species can produce toxins that can find their way though fish and shellfish to humans. While blooms are natural phenomena, much recent human activity has heightened the intensity, frequency and distribution of such algal growths. Comments are made on diarrhetic shellfish poisoning and amnesic shellfish poisoning. The consequences of the increased use of coastal waters for mariculture are noted, and the increase of algal blooms by cultural eutrophication is stressed, with particular reference to ciguatera fish-food poisoning and coral reef distribution. Stimulation of algal blooms by unusual climatic conditions are noted, with reference to toxic Pyrodinium bahamense blooms in the tropical Indo-West Pacific and fossil blooms of Gymnodinium catenatum in the Kattegat-Skagerrak. Notes are also given on the transport of dinoflagellate cysts in ships' ballast water or associated with the transfer of shellfish stock. " display_name: A review of harmful algae blooms and their apparent global increase doi: 10.2216/i0031-8884-32-2-79.1 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.2216/i0031-8884-32-2-79.1.yaml identifier: 10.2216/i0031-8884-32-2-79.1 journal_identifier: phycologia journal_pages: 79-99 journal_vol: 32 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: A review of harmful algae blooms and their apparent global increase type: article uri: /article/10.2216/i0031-8884-32-2-79.1 url: ~ year: 1993 - contributors: [] description: 'Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is considered a cyanobacterium of tropical origin and an alien species to temperate waters. However, it has been detected as far north as northern Germany. While previous studies have shown that all isolated German C. raciborskii strains are hepatotoxic, little is known about the spatial occurrence and relative frequency of this species in temperate Germany. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution and relative frequency of C. raciborskii close to its northernmost distribution limit, to characterise the habitat in which it is most likely to occur in this climatic zone and to search for any other neocyanobacterial species that might be present in German waters but has so far been overlooked. One hundred forty-two water bodies in northeast Germany were sampled from June until September 2004. All cyanobacteria species were analysed qualitatively and semiquantitatively. Besides C. raciborskii, two additional neocyano-bacterial species were detected: Anabaena bergii and Aphanizomenon aphanizomenoides. For both taxa, these findings represent their northernmost occurrence and their first report from German waters. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskiiwas present in 27%, Anabaena bergii in 9% and Aphanizomenon aphanizomenoides in 7% of the samples. The occurrence of each species was analysed in relation to maximum lake depth, Secchi depth, lake volume and lake surface area. All three species were present in a wide range of habitats, but C. raciborskii and Anabaena bergii occurred significantly more often in shallow, turbid waters than in deep, transparent water bodies. None of the parameters investigated were significantly correlated with the occurrence of Aphanizomenon aphanizomenoides. In conclusion, alien thermophilic cyanobacterial species are much more widely distributed in temperate Germany than previously known. The results are discussed with respect to the possible mechanisms that enable these organisms to expand northwards. ' display_name: 'Distribution of three alien cyanobacterial species (Nostocales) in northeast Germany: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Anabaena bergii and Aphanizomenon aphanizomenoides' doi: 10.2216/05-58.1 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.2216/05-58.1.yaml identifier: 10.2216/05-58.1 journal_identifier: phycologia journal_pages: 696-703 journal_vol: 45 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: 'Distribution of three alien cyanobacterial species (Nostocales) in northeast Germany: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Anabaena bergii and Aphanizomenon aphanizomenoides' type: article uri: /article/10.2216/05-58.1 url: ~ year: 2006 - contributors: [] description: "The known history of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia [mostly reported in error as Nitzschia seriata (PT. Cleve) H. Peragallo] on the West Coast of the USA is traced in three time periods: the early observations of 1920-1943, later publications in 1960-1990, and recent publications after known domoic acid events in 1991-1996. The genus has been widespread in these coastal waters, and more than a dozen species have been identified, with the number still increasing. Dominance shifts among species on time scales of weeks, months, and years. There is direct evidence of increases of cell numbers with even small amounts of upwelling, whereas some blooms have coincided with times of low expectation of upwelling. Original data from W.E. Allen's notes provided by W.H. Thomas, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, suggest a possible explanation, borne out by recent culturing work. Viable cells can sink from the surface waters and rise in a different growth stage. Geographically, species in this genus have been studied most intensively recently in Monterey Bay, California, and it is possible that this bay functions as a center of seed stock that can be transported both north and south by seasonal currents. Presently known distribution of species is documented, with abundant stock of four species known to produce the toxin. In some areas, a domoic acid event could result from even moderate numbers of the large-celled P. australis Frenguelli at any life stage, or large numbers of the more slender P. muitiseries (Hasle) Hasle in the stationary growth phase, or even from some populations of the Ubiquitous P. pungens (Grunow ex PT. Cleve) Hasle. " display_name: 'The occurrence of the toxic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) on the West Coast of the USA, 1920–1996: A review' doi: 10.2216/i0031-8884-36-6-419.1 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.2216/i0031-8884-36-6-419.1.yaml identifier: 10.2216/i0031-8884-36-6-419.1 journal_identifier: phycologia journal_pages: 419-437 journal_vol: 36 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: 'The occurrence of the toxic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) on the West Coast of the USA, 1920–1996: A review' type: article uri: /article/10.2216/i0031-8884-36-6-419.1 url: ~ year: 1997 cited_by: [] contributors: [] country: ~ description: ~ display_name: Phycologia files: - display_name: 00318884-55.1.cover.jpg file: /na101/home/literatum/publisher/pinnacle/journals/content/phya/2016/00318884-55.1/00318884-55.1/20160125/00318884-55.1.cover.jpg href: http://www.phycologia.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/pinnacle/journals/content/phya/2016/00318884-55.1/00318884-55.1/20160125/00318884-55.1.cover.jpg identifier: e7975b24-48e4-4d43-b5c1-6fb5861fd6ec landing_page: ~ location: http://www.phycologia.org mime_type: image/jpeg sha1: 1e78a8136aec3dca3a2ddbfb75955ecf9013e410 size: 8568 thumbnail: bd/6d/ff66a04edcda1c914e02658fcc09/.thumb-e7975b24-48e4-4d43-b5c1-6fb5861fd6ec.png thumbnail_href: http://data.globalchange.gov/assets/bd/6d/ff66a04edcda1c914e02658fcc09/.thumb-e7975b24-48e4-4d43-b5c1-6fb5861fd6ec.png type: file uri: /file/e7975b24-48e4-4d43-b5c1-6fb5861fd6ec url: http://www.phycologia.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/pinnacle/journals/content/phya/2016/00318884-55.1/00318884-55.1/20160125/00318884-55.1.cover.jpg href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/journal/phycologia.yaml identifier: phycologia notes: ~ online_issn: ~ parents: [] print_issn: 0031-8884 publisher: International Phycological Society references: [] title: Phycologia type: journal uri: /journal/phycologia url: http://www.phycologia.org/