--- articles: - contributors: - display_name: 'Author : S. Rizak ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/11860.yaml id: 11860 organization: ~ organization_uri: ~ person: display_name: S. Rizak first_name: S. id: 9440 last_name: Rizak middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 9440 person_uri: /person/9440 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/11860 - display_name: 'Author : Steve E. Hrudey ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/11861.yaml id: 11861 organization: ~ organization_uri: ~ person: display_name: Steve E. Hrudey first_name: Steve E. id: 9441 last_name: Hrudey middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 9441 person_uri: /person/9441 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/11861 description: ~ display_name: Drinking-water safety – challenges for community-managed systems doi: 10.2166/wh.2008.033 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.2166/wh.2008.033.yaml identifier: 10.2166/wh.2008.033 journal_identifier: journal-water-health journal_pages: 33-42 journal_vol: 6 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Drinking-water safety – challenges for community-managed systems type: article uri: /article/10.2166/wh.2008.033 url: ~ year: 2008 - contributors: [] description: 'In this paper, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) presents an approach and a national estimate of drinking water related endemic acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) that uses information from epidemiologic studies. There have been a limited number of epidemiologic studies that have measured waterborne disease occurrence in the United States. For this analysis, we assume that certain unknown incidence of AGI in each public drinking water system is due to drinking water and that a statistical distribution of the different incidence rates for the population served by each system can be estimated to inform a mean national estimate of AGI illness due to drinking water. Data from public water systems suggest that the incidence rate of AGI due to drinking water may vary by several orders of magnitude. In addition, data from epidemiologic studies show AGI incidence due to drinking water ranging from essentially none (or less than the study detection level) to a rate of 0.26 cases per person-year. Considering these two perspectives collectively, and associated uncertainties, EPA has developed an analytical approach and model for generating a national estimate of annual AGI illness due to drinking water. EPA developed a national estimate of waterborne disease to address, in part, the 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments. The national estimate uses best available science, but also recognizes gaps in the data to support some of the model assumptions and uncertainties in the estimate. Based on the model presented, EPA estimates a mean incidence of AGI attributable to drinking water of 0.06 cases per year (with a 95% credible interval of 0.02-0.12). The mean estimate represents approximately 8.5% of cases of AGI illness due to all causes among the population served by community water systems. The estimated incidence translates to 16.4 million cases/year among the same population. The estimate illustrates the potential usefulness and challenges of the approach, and provides a focus for discussions of data needs and future study designs. Areas of major uncertainty that currently limit the usefulness of the approach are discussed in the context of the estimate analysis. ' display_name: An approach for developing a national estimate of waterborne disease due to drinking water and a national estimate model application doi: 10.2166/wh.2006.024 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.2166/wh.2006.024.yaml identifier: 10.2166/wh.2006.024 journal_identifier: journal-water-health journal_pages: 201-240 journal_vol: 4 Suppl 2 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: An approach for developing a national estimate of waterborne disease due to drinking water and a national estimate model application type: article uri: /article/10.2166/wh.2006.024 url: ~ year: 2006 - contributors: [] description: 'Large and growing segments of the United States population consume seafood or engage in marine recreation. These activities provide significant benefits but also bring risk of exposure to marine-borne illness. To manage these risks, it is important to understand the incidence and cost of marine-borne disease. We review the literature and surveillance/monitoring data to determine the annual incidence of disease and health consequences due to marine-borne pathogens from seafood consumption and beach recreation in the USA. Using this data, we employ a cost-of-illness model to estimate economic impacts. Our results suggest that health consequences due to marine-borne pathogens in the USA have annual costs on the order of US$900 million. This includes US$350 million due to pathogens and marine toxins specifically identified as causing food-borne disease, an estimated US$300 million due to seafood-borne disease with unknown etiology, US$30 million from direct exposure to the Vibrio species, and US$300 million due to gastrointestinal illness from beach recreation. Although there is considerable uncertainty about the degree of underreporting of certain pathogen-specific acute marine-related illnesses, the conservative assumptions we have used in constructing our estimate suggest that it should be considered a lower bound on true costs. ' display_name: 'An estimate of the cost of acute health effects from food- and water-borne marine pathogens and toxins in the USA' doi: 10.2166/wh.2011.157 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.2166/wh.2011.157.yaml identifier: 10.2166/wh.2011.157 journal_identifier: journal-water-health journal_pages: 680-694 journal_vol: 9 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: 'An estimate of the cost of acute health effects from food- and water-borne marine pathogens and toxins in the USA' type: article uri: /article/10.2166/wh.2011.157 url: ~ year: 2011 - contributors: [] description: 'The incidence of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) attributable to public drinking water systems in the United States cannot be directly measured but must be estimated based on epidemiologic studies and other information. The randomized trial is one study design used to evaluate risks attributable to drinking water. In this paper, we review all published randomized trials of drinking water interventions in industrialized countries conducted among general immunocompetent populations. We then present an approach to estimating the incidence (number of cases) of AGI attributable annually to drinking water. To develop a national estimate, we integrate trial results with the estimated incidence of AGI using necessary assumptions about the estimated number of residents consuming different sources of drinking water and the relative quality of the water sources under different scenarios. Using this approach we estimate there to be 4.26-11.69 million cases of AGI annually attributable to public drinking water systems in the United States. We believe this preliminary estimate should be updated as new data become available. ' display_name: A review of household drinking water intervention trials and an approach to the estimation of endemic waterborne gastroenteritis in the United States doi: 10.2166/wh.2006.018 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.2166/wh.2006.018.yaml identifier: 10.2166/wh.2006.018 journal_identifier: journal-water-health journal_pages: 71-88 journal_vol: 4 Suppl 2 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: A review of household drinking water intervention trials and an approach to the estimation of endemic waterborne gastroenteritis in the United States type: article uri: /article/10.2166/wh.2006.018 url: ~ year: 2006 - contributors: - display_name: 'Author : Gordon Nichols ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/11862.yaml id: 11862 organization: ~ organization_uri: ~ person: display_name: Gordon Nichols first_name: Gordon id: 9442 last_name: Nichols middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 9442 person_uri: /person/9442 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/11862 - display_name: 'Author : Chris Lane ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/11863.yaml id: 11863 organization: ~ organization_uri: ~ person: display_name: Chris Lane first_name: Chris id: 9443 last_name: Lane middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 9443 person_uri: /person/9443 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/11863 - display_name: 'Author : Nima Asgari ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/11864.yaml id: 11864 organization: ~ organization_uri: ~ person: display_name: Nima Asgari first_name: Nima id: 9444 last_name: Asgari middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 9444 person_uri: /person/9444 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/11864 - display_name: 'Author : Neville Q. Verlander ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/11865.yaml id: 11865 organization: ~ organization_uri: ~ person: display_name: Neville Q. Verlander first_name: Neville Q. id: 9445 last_name: Verlander middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 9445 person_uri: /person/9445 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/11865 - display_name: 'Author : Andre Charlett ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/11866.yaml id: 11866 organization: ~ organization_uri: ~ person: display_name: Andre Charlett first_name: Andre id: 9446 last_name: Charlett middle_name: ~ orcid: ~ type: person url: ~ person_id: 9446 person_uri: /person/9446 role_type_identifier: author uri: /contributor/11866 description: 'A case-crossover study compared rainfall in the 4 weeks before drinking water related outbreaks with that in the five previous control years. This included public and private drinking water related outbreaks in England and Wales from 1910 to 1999. Of 111 outbreaks, 89 met inclusion criteria and the implicated pathogens included Giardia, Cryptosporidium, E. coli, S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi,Campylobacter and Streptobacillus moniliformis. Weather data was derived from the British Atmospheric Data Centre There was a significant association between excess cumulative rainfall in the previous 7 days and outbreaks (p=0.001). There was an excess of rainfall below 20 mm for the three weeks previous to this in outbreak compared to control weeks (p=0.002). Cumulative rainfall exceedances were associated with outbreak years. This study provides evidence that both low rainfall and heavy rain precede many drinking water outbreaks and assessing the health impacts of climate change should examine both. ' display_name: Rainfall and outbreaks of drinking water related disease and in England and Wales doi: 10.2166/wh.2009.143 files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.2166/wh.2009.143.yaml identifier: 10.2166/wh.2009.143 journal_identifier: journal-water-health journal_pages: 1-8 journal_vol: 7 notes: ~ parents: [] references: [] title: Rainfall and outbreaks of drinking water related disease and in England and Wales type: article uri: /article/10.2166/wh.2009.143 url: ~ year: 2009 cited_by: [] contributors: - display_name: 'Publisher : I W A Publishing ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/19071.yaml id: 19071 organization: country_code: UK display_name: I W A Publishing identifier: iwa-publishing name: I W A Publishing organization_type_identifier: commercial type: organization url: http://www.iwapublishing.com/ organization_uri: /organization/iwa-publishing person: {} person_id: ~ person_uri: ~ role_type_identifier: publisher uri: /contributor/19071 country: UK description: ~ display_name: Journal of Water and Health files: - display_name: jwh.jpg file: /images/jwh.jpg href: http://www.iwaponline.com/images/jwh.jpg identifier: 2d68afbd-0bff-477d-88f2-4f1d8faec439 landing_page: ~ location: http://www.iwaponline.com mime_type: image/jpeg sha1: c7669b451dbf3c77a4542e391d05be649711595c size: 14553 thumbnail: 52/19/980ecd985e2209fc6f8102675e64/.thumb-2d68afbd-0bff-477d-88f2-4f1d8faec439.png thumbnail_href: http://data.globalchange.gov/assets/52/19/980ecd985e2209fc6f8102675e64/.thumb-2d68afbd-0bff-477d-88f2-4f1d8faec439.png type: file uri: /file/2d68afbd-0bff-477d-88f2-4f1d8faec439 url: http://www.iwaponline.com/images/jwh.jpg href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/journal/journal-water-health.yaml identifier: journal-water-health notes: ~ online_issn: ~ parents: [] print_issn: 1477-8920 publisher: I W A Publishing references: [] title: Journal of Water and Health type: journal uri: /journal/journal-water-health url: http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/