---
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    caption: 'A review of the published literature from 1960 to 2010 indicates a summertime peak in the incidence of illnesses associated with infection from a) <i>Campylobacter</i>, b) <i>Salmonella</i>, and c) <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>). For these three pathogens, the monthly seasonality index shown here on the y-axis indicates the global disease incidence above or below the yearly average, which is denoted as 100. For example, a value of 145 for the month of July for Salmonellosis would mean that the proportion of cases for that month was 45% higher than the 12 month average. Unlike these three pathogens, incidence of norovirus, which can be attained through food, has a wintertime peak. The y-axis of the norovirus incidence graph (d) uses a different metric than (a–c): the monthly proportion of the annual sum of norovirus cases in the northern hemisphere between 1997 and 2011. For example, a value of 0.12 for March would indicate that 12% of the annual cases occurred during that month). Solid line represents the average; confidence intervals (dashed lines) are plus and minus one standard deviation. (Figure sources: a, b, and c: adapted from Lal et al. 2012; d: adapted from Ahmed et al. 2013)<tbib>84097f67-e3ee-4293-a657-b7f7d2b91e29</tbib><sup>,</sup><tbib>04230d65-7ec8-4b53-a59a-fa960649b9c4</tbib>'
    chapter_identifier: food-safety-nutrition-and-distribution
    create_dt: 2015-01-07T01:00:00
    identifier: seasonality-of-human-illnesses-associated-with-foodborne-pathogens
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    ordinal: 3
    report_identifier: usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016
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    submission_dt: ~
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    title: Seasonality of Human Illnesses Associated With Foodborne Pathogens
    url: ~
    usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source.
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identifier: dd1e22cd-d098-4052-a291-c6188ae24c8b
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title: norovirus
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