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    caption: 'Direct effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) on the concentrations of protein and minerals in crops. The top figure shows that the rise in CO<sub>2</sub> concentration from 293 ppm (at the beginning of the last century) to 385 ppm (global average in 2008) to 715 ppm (projected to occur by 2100 under the RCP8.5 and RCP6.0 pathways),<tbib>30b72411-16f2-400d-a1f1-deddf0ef757b</tbib> progressively lowers protein concentrations in wheat flour (the average of four varieties of spring wheat). The lower figure—the average effect on 125 plant species and cultivars—shows that a doubling of CO<sub>2</sub> concentration from preindustrial levels diminishes the concentration of essential minerals in wild and crop plants, including ionome (all the inorganic ions present in an organism) levels, and also lowers protein concentrations in barley, rice, wheat and potato. (Figure source: Experimental data from Ziska et al. 2004 (top figure), Taub et al. 2008, and Loladze 2014 (bottom figure)).<tbib>de07adc8-7f48-4455-8b2a-6707520acd59</tbib><sup>,</sup><tbib>d763a364-656a-4a46-96cc-82800edc3ac2</tbib><sup>,</sup><tbib>6f0fe842-95ce-481a-b3f6-473975719843</tbib>'
    chapter_identifier: food-safety-nutrition-and-distribution
    create_dt: 2014-11-21T08:00:00
    identifier: effects-of-carbon-dioxide-on-protein-and-minerals
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    report_identifier: usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016
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    title: Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Protein and Minerals
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    usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source.
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title: c) Decreases in protein in common crops projected for a doubling of CO2
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