--- - attributes: ~ caption: 'In March 2002, a few days earlier than usual, a large, dense plume of dust blew southward and eastward from the desert plains of Mongolia—powerfully affecting air quality for the residents of Beijing and surrounding areas. Citizens of northeastern China call this annual event the “shachenbao,” or “dust cloud tempest.” The massive dust storm (brownish pixels) can easily be distinguished from clouds (bright white pixels) as it blows across northern Japan and eastward toward the open Pacific Ocean. Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, SeaWiFS Project; and ORBIMAGE.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/spring-dust-storm-beijing.yaml identifier: spring-dust-storm-beijing lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2003 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Spring Dust Storm Smothers Beijing uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/spring-dust-storm-beijing url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Schematic of the SPURS Observational Strategy. A combination of instrumentation generates high-resolution measurements of the upper ocean. ' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2013/figure/spurs-observations.yaml identifier: spurs-observations lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2013 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: SPURS Observations uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2013/figure/spurs-observations url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'A negative correlation existed between summer maximum temperature (mean daily maximum temperature during June) and subsequent abundance of the lichen Collema, which dominates the biological soil crust in many semi-arid western ecosystems. Even after 2 cooler years, the lichen had not recovered from the warm period of 1997 to 2003. Credit: J. Belnap, S.L. Phillips, and T.T. Troxler, U.S. Geological Survey.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/summer-maximum-temperature-abundance-collema.yaml identifier: summer-maximum-temperature-abundance-collema lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2007 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Summer Maximum Temperature and the Abundance of Collema uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/summer-maximum-temperature-abundance-collema url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'This product provides the spatial pattern of high-latitude summer (June to August) surface warming (in °C over 44 years, 1961 to 2004). The pattern of temperature increase was estimated from monthly anomalies of surface air temperature from land and sea stations throughout the Northern Hemisphere, updated from Chapman and Walsh (1993). Credit: F.S. Chapin, III, University of Alaska–Fairbanks (reproduced with permission from Science).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/surface-air-temperature-change-1961-2004.yaml identifier: surface-air-temperature-change-1961-2004 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2007 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Surface Air Temperature Change, 1961-2004' uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/surface-air-temperature-change-1961-2004 url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The AERONET sun-photometer used to measure water-leaving radiances and downwelling solar radiances atop the Gustav Dalen Lighthouse platform in the BalticSea, about nine km off of the Swedish coast. The panel to the right shows a close-up view of the sun-photometer on the platform. Credit: B. Holben, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2010/figure/surface-calibration-satellite-ocean-color-observations.yaml identifier: surface-calibration-satellite-ocean-color-observations lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2010 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Surface Calibration of Satellite Ocean Color Observations uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2010/figure/surface-calibration-satellite-ocean-color-observations url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The top panel shows that regional maximum surface temperature increases projected by the end of the 21st century are roughly double the globally averaged value, with the largest increases seen at high latitudes. Surface temperature increases in the tropics are much less, due to the more significant amounts of atmospheric water vapor, a very effective greenhouse gas.4 The lower panel shows instances of dramatic global cooling resulting from large volcanic eruptions. Such eruptions—for example, Krakatau in 1883— can be seen a number of times in this run as sharp, 5-year cooling events. As there is no method for predicting the occurrence of volcanic eruptions in the future, the smooth temperature curve from 2000 to 2100 reflects the fact that such events are not included in the climate models after 2000.5 Credit: G. Strand, NCAR (adapted from the Journal of Climate with permission from the American Meteorological Society).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/surface-temperature-change-1870-1899.yaml identifier: surface-temperature-change-1870-1899 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2009 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Surface Temperature Change Relative to 1870-1899 Baseline uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/surface-temperature-change-1870-1899 url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Surface warming (relative to 1980–1999) from the WCRP multi-model data set for the scenarios of high, medium, and low emissions (A2, A1B, and B1, respectively), shown as continuations of the 20th century simulations that included combinations of natural and anthropogenic forcings. Values beyond 2100 are for idealized stabilization where greenhouse gas concentrations were held fixed at year 2100 values and the models were run to the year 2300 to assess climate change commitment. Similarly, the “constant composition commitment” experiment is for idealized stabilization of all greenhouse gas concentrations at year 2000 values, with the model calculations projected through the year 2100. Lines show the multi-model means; shading denotes the ±1 standard deviation range of individual model annual means. Discontinuities between different periods have no physical meaning and are caused by the fact that the number of models that have run a given scenario is different for each period and scenario, as indicated by the colored numbers given for each period and scenario at the bottom of the panel. Credit: G.A. Meehl, NCAR (reproduced from the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society with permission from the American Meteorological Society).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/surface-warming-1980-1999.yaml identifier: surface-warming-1980-1999 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2009 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Surface Warming (Relative to 1980-1999) uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/surface-warming-1980-1999 url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: '(Left) Observed response of temperature to an increase in vegetation greenness, calculated from satellite observations. The units are °C per 0.1 FPAR (fraction of photosynthetically available radiation absorbed by the plant canopy). This illustrates vegetation feedbacks on temperature resulting from month-to-month variability in leaf and plant amount. (Right) Same as the left figure, but showing the response of precipitation to a change in vegetation. Units are cm/month per 0.1 FPAR. Credit: Z. Liu, University of Wisconsin (reproduced from the Journal of Climate with permission from the American Meteorological Society).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/temperature-precipitation-response-vegetation-greenness.yaml identifier: temperature-precipitation-response-vegetation-greenness lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2007 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Temperature and Precipitation Response to Vegetation Greenness uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/temperature-precipitation-response-vegetation-greenness url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Results from two state-of-the- art climate models (the Parallel Climate Model and the Community Climate System Model) in which greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized at the end of the 20th century. Temperature and sea-level values are shown relative to the averages for the base period, 1980-1999. Credit: J. Arblaster, National Center for Atmospheric Research (reproduced with permission from Science).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/temperature-sea-level-change-relative-1980-1999.yaml identifier: temperature-sea-level-change-relative-1980-1999 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2007 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Temperature and Sea Level Change Relative to 1980-1999 uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/temperature-sea-level-change-relative-1980-1999 url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Global change in terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP), 1982-1999. NPP was calculated using mean fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation and leaf area index derived from two different Advanced Very High- Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data sets. Areas of increase in NPP are colored green and areas of decrease in brown. Credit: R. Nemani, NASA Ames Research Center [first presented in Science, 300, 1560-1563 (6 June 2003)].' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/terrestrial-net-primary-productivity.yaml identifier: terrestrial-net-primary-productivity lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Terrestrial Net Primary Productivity uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/terrestrial-net-primary-productivity url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'This screenshot provides an example of a local 3-month temperature outlook (L3MTO) forecast for Phoenix, Arizona, and vicinity. Credit: J. Bollinger, NOAA / National Weather Service.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2008/figure/three-month-temperature-outlook-phoenix.yaml identifier: three-month-temperature-outlook-phoenix lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2008 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Three-Month Temperature Outlook, Phoenix, AZ' uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2008/figure/three-month-temperature-outlook-phoenix url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Satellite maps of total ozone over Antarctica on 24 September 2001, 2002, and 2003. The color scale shows the amount of ozone in Dobson units, indicating the depth of the hole. The images are based on multiple satellite records and analyses. Credit: Susan Solomon, “The hole truth.” Nature, 427, 22 January 2004. World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre, Toronto, Canada.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/total-ozone-over-antarctica.yaml identifier: total-ozone-over-antarctica lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Total Ozone Over Antarctica uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/total-ozone-over-antarctica url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Total annual precipitation amount (mm) as predicted by MMF (a,c) and CAM (b,d) for the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) and Southern Great Plains (SGP) regions for 1999. Locations of the two Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites are circled. The observed precipitation amounts are 358 and 1,031 mm for the TWP and SGP sites, respectively. Credit: M. Ovtchinnikov, T. Ackerman, and R. Marchand, DOE / Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; and M. Khairoutdinov, Colorado State University (reproduced from the Journal of Climate with permission from the American Meteorological Society).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2008/figure/total-precipitation-tropical-western-pacific-southern-great-plains-1999.yaml identifier: total-precipitation-tropical-western-pacific-southern-great-plains-1999 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2008 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Annual Precipitation, Tropical Western Pacific and Southern Great Plains' uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2008/figure/total-precipitation-tropical-western-pacific-southern-great-plains-1999 url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The trend in “precipitation minus evaporation” for the southwest United States simulated by the climate models used for the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Credit: R. Seager, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory (reproduced from Science with permission from the American Association for the Advancement of Science).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/trend-precipitation-minus-evaporation.yaml identifier: trend-precipitation-minus-evaporation lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2009 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Trend in Precipitation Minus Evaporation uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/trend-precipitation-minus-evaporation url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Observed trends in groundwater input (denoted by left side of symbol) and annual flow (denoted by right side of symbol) at Yukon River Basin streamflow stations. Circles and squares indicate flow records longer and shorter than 35 years, respectively. Symbol color scheme indicates statistical significance of Mann-Kendall trend analysis: red = very highly significant (P<0.01) increasing trend, orange = highly significant (0.01