--- - attributes: ~ caption: 'The difference between poplar plantations and native vegetation is illustrated in this pair of satellite images, collected by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA’s Terra satellite on 27 August 2006. The top panel depicts vegetation index, a measure of the density of plants based on the amount of photosynthesis recorded by the sensor. The availability of water causes the difference between the densely vegetated areas (dark green) and the lightly vegetated areas (light green). The contrast between irrigated and non-irrigated land is also evident in the bottom panel, which shows land surface temperatures measured by the same ASTER instrument. The coolest areas are dark blue, and the warmest pink and yellow. Irrigated crop lands are much cooler than the surrounding native vegetation. In this semi-arid region, the temperature difference is as much as 30°C (54°F), similar to the temperature difference between the Congo Rainforest and the Sahara Desert in Africa. Credit: J. Allen, NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center (), using data provided courtesy of NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/ JAROS and the U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2008/figure/irrigation-land-surface-temperature-oregon.yaml identifier: irrigation-land-surface-temperature-oregon lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2008 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Irrigation and Land Surface Temperature in Oregon uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2008/figure/irrigation-land-surface-temperature-oregon url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Both models project substantial increases in the July heat index (which combines heat and humidity) over the 21st century. These maps show the projected increase in average daily July heat index relative to the present. The largest increases are in the south-eastern states, where the Canadian model projects increases of more that 25°F. For example, a July day in Atlanta that now reaches a heat index of 105°F would reach a heat index of 115°F in the Hadley model, and 130°F in the Canadian model. (Map by Benjamin Felzer, UCAR, based on data from Canadian and Hadley modeling centers.)' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca1/figure/july-heat-index-change-21st-century.yaml identifier: july-heat-index-change-21st-century lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: nca1 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'July Heat Index Change - 21st Century' uri: /report/nca1/figure/july-heat-index-change-21st-century url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Climate changes (i.e., changes in temperature, precipitation, CO2 concentration, wind, or solar or terrestrial radiation) can affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems by altering primary production processes, reproduction, health and mortality of organisms, and rates and pathways of decomposition, community dynamics and biogeography, and exchanges of mass and energy between ecosystems and the atmosphere. Climate changes also have the potential to affect the frequency and magnitude of various ecosystem disturbances (e.g., fire, disease, insect infestations, storm frequency, and land-use change). In turn, changes in ecosystem-atmosphere exchanges of radiation, heat, or greenhouse gases caused directly or indirectly by climate change have the potential to dampen or enhance the initial climatic change through negative or positive feedbacks. Ecosystem changes caused by climatic changes can also affect the many ecosystem goods and services on which society depends. Likewise, climate change effects on ecosystem goods and services may elicit human actions that in turn affect climate, ecosystem disturbance, and/or ecosystem structure and functioning. Temporal and spatial scales are implicit; temporal scales range from seconds to millennia and spatial scales range from local to global. Credit: CCSP Ecosystems Interagency Working Group.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/key-linkages-climate-ecosystems.yaml identifier: key-linkages-climate-ecosystems lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2009 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Key Linkages between Climate and Ecosystems uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/key-linkages-climate-ecosystems url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: '"Hot spots” where soil moisture changes can affect rainfall. The red areas are “hot spots” where soil moisture changes can affect rainfall, according to a multi-model study. The bars in the insets show the individual results for 12 climate models, averaged over the indicated regions. According to the insets, the models clearly do not show perfect agreement in the “strength” of the hot spots. Still, many independent models place the hot spots in the same place. The results pertain to Northern Hemisphere summer months June, July, and August. Red areas show the strongest connection between soil moisture and rainfall. The units for the insets are the same as those for the color bar. Credit: The GLACE Team (Koster et al., 2004).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocp-fy2006/figure/land-atmosphere-coupling-strength.yaml identifier: land-atmosphere-coupling-strength lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocp-fy2006 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Land-Atmosphere Coupling Strength uri: /report/ccsp-ocp-fy2006/figure/land-atmosphere-coupling-strength url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'An analysis of land use and land cover change in eastern U.S. ecological regions provides evidence of distinctive regional variation in the rates and characteristics of changes. The USGS, in cooperation with EPA and NASA, used Landsat images from five years (1973, 1980, 1986, 1992, and 2000) to map the rates of ecoregion change in each time interval (portrayed in ecoregion color), and the primary land cover transformations (portrayed in the pie charts). Land cover of approximately 20 percent of the land in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain and Southeastern Plain changed during the nearly 30-year period due to the rapid, cyclic harvesting and replanting of forests. The adjacent Piedmont region also showed substantial change in forest cover. Urbanization was the dominant conversion in the Northern Piedmont and Atlantic Coast Pine Barrens. The two Appalachian regions studied (Blue Ridge and North Central Appalachia) had comparatively low overall change, with the primary transformations being urban development and forest conversion, respectively. Credit: USGS EROS Data Center.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/land-cover-change-east-us-ecosystems.yaml identifier: land-cover-change-east-us-ecosystems lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2003 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Land Cover Change in Eastern U.S. Ecosystems, 1972-2000' uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/land-cover-change-east-us-ecosystems url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'These products represent a portion of a false-color Landsat-7 scene over the Dulles airport area in Virginia, showing the gap-filled product developed to compensate for a mechanical problem on Landsat-7. Credit: R. Beck, U.S. Geological Survey.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/landsat-7-data-gap-washington-dulles-international-airport.yaml identifier: landsat-7-data-gap-washington-dulles-international-airport lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2007 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Landsat-7 Data Gap Correction: Washington Dulles International Airport' uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/landsat-7-data-gap-washington-dulles-international-airport url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Landsat mosaic products over the southern portions of Lake Michigan and adjacent areas of the United States: (a) a full-resolution 28.5-m2 subset for the circa 1990 epoch; and (b) a full-resolution 14.25-m2 subset of the circa 2000 epoch. These are examples of the data available globally from NASA’s Global Ortho-Rectified Landsat Data Set. Credit: C.J. Tucker, NASA/ Goddard Space Flight Center.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/landsat-mosaic-over-lake-michigan.yaml identifier: landsat-mosaic-over-lake-michigan lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2007 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Landsat Mosaic over Lake Michigan uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/landsat-mosaic-over-lake-michigan url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Landsat images, from 1986 and 2004, reveal the effects of center-pivot irrigation in a desert region in Saudi Arabia known as Wadi As-Sirhan. In the satellite images, these irrigated fields appear as green dots. This region was once so barren that it could barely support the towns Al’Isawiyah and Tubarjal shown in the upper left of each image. Following the introduction of center-pivot irrigation, the barren desert was gradually transformed into a greener, food-producing landscape. The irrigation system draws water from an ancient underground aquifer. Credit: USGS / EROS Data Center.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2008/figure/landsat-saudi-arabian-irrigation.yaml identifier: landsat-saudi-arabian-irrigation lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2008 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Landsat and Saudi Arabian Irrigation uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2008/figure/landsat-saudi-arabian-irrigation url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'A side-by-side comparison of Landsat Thematic Mapper 30m (left) and Ikonos 1m (right) false-color imagery shows the ancient ruins of Tikal—a Mayan city deep in the Guatemalan rainforest that was lost for almost 1,000 years. The Ikonos imagery resolution of approximately 1 meter can detect individual pyramids, pathways, and small structures. Credit: T.L. Sever, NASA/ Marshall Space Flight Center.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/landsat-thermatic-mapper-versus-ikonos.yaml identifier: landsat-thermatic-mapper-versus-ikonos lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2007 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Landsat Thermatic Mapper vs. Ikonos ' uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/landsat-thermatic-mapper-versus-ikonos url: ~ usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: 'In 2008, the USGS completed an extensive conversion from an inefficient, on-demand data ordering and processing system to a fully automated access and distribution mechanism. The previous range of options for processing semi-custom digital Landsat products for paying customers was replaced by free Internet access to the entire Landsat archive of over 3 million scenes from around the globe. Users can now select an area of interest and easily download standardized image files. Shortly after this conversion, demand for Landsat data surged from around 20,000 scenes sold per year to over 2 million downloaded for free per year.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2012/figure/landsat-web-enabled-imagery.yaml identifier: landsat-web-enabled-imagery lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2012 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Landsat Web-Enabled Imagery uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2012/figure/landsat-web-enabled-imagery url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'These products provide examples of LEDAPS forest disturbance mapping: (a) 0.05° modeling grid showing the percent of each cell area disturbed (harvested) per year for the mid-Atlantic from 1990 to 2000; (b) atmospherically corrected Landsat surface reflectance image for the Richmond, Virginia, region; and (c) high-resolution map of forest disturbance (red) and regrowth (green) for the Richmond region, 1990 to 2000. Credit: J.G. Masek, E.F. Vermote, N.E. Saleous, R. Wolfe, F.G. Hall, K. Huemmrich, F. Gao, J. Kutler, and T.K. Lim, NASA/ Goddard Space Flight Center and the University of Maryland (reproduced from Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters with permission from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ©2006).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/ledaps-forest-disturbance-mapping.yaml identifier: ledaps-forest-disturbance-mapping lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2007 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: LEDAPS Forest Disturbance Mapping uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/ledaps-forest-disturbance-mapping url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'These data products show drying (reds and pinks) across much of Canada, Europe, Asia, and Africa and moistening (green) across the United States, Argentina, Scandinavia, and western Australia. Credit: A. Dai, K.E. Trenberth, and T. Qian, National Center for Atmospheric Research (reproduced from Journal of Hydrometeorology with permission from the American Meteorological Society).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/linear-trends-palmer-drought-severity-index-1948-2002.yaml identifier: linear-trends-palmer-drought-severity-index-1948-2002 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2007 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Linear Trends in the Palmer Drought Serverity Index (PDSI) from 1948 to 2002 uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/linear-trends-palmer-drought-severity-index-1948-2002 url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Wastewater systems that combine storm water drainage and sewage and industrial discharges are still in use in about 950 communities in the US, mostly in the Northeast and Great Lakes regions. These combined sewer systems deliver both sotrm drainage and wastewater to sewage treatment facilities. However, during rain or snowmelt, the volume of incoming water can exceed the capacity of hte treatment system. Under those conditions, combined sewer systems are designed to overflow and discharge untreated wastewater into surface water bodies, and are termed as a combined sewer overflow (CSO) event. EPA, in 1994, developed a CSO Control Policy that sets forth a national framework for prevention of combined sewer overlfows through the federal Clean Water Act's water discharge permit program. It has been suggested that if they continue to discharge untreated wastewater during storm events, combined sewer systems may pose a greated health risk should the frequency or intensity of storms increase. (Source: USEPA, http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/cso.htm)" chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca1/figure/locations-combined-wastewater-systems.yaml identifier: locations-combined-wastewater-systems lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: nca1 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Locations of Combined Wastewater Systems uri: /report/nca1/figure/locations-combined-wastewater-systems url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Spatial distribution and intensity of selectively logged areas summarized into 25 by 25 km grid cells in 1992, 1996, and 1999 for the Amazon Basin of Brazil. Credit: E.A.T. Matricardi, D.L. Skole, and W.H. Chomentowski, Michigan State University; M.A. Cochrane, South Dakota State University; and M. Pedlowski, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Brazil (reproduced from the International Journal of Remote Sensing with permission from the publisher Taylor & Francis Group).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2008/figure/logged-areas-amazon-basin.yaml identifier: logged-areas-amazon-basin lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2008 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Logged Areas in the Amazon Basin uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2008/figure/logged-areas-amazon-basin url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Tropospheric column ozone (in Dobson units) determined using the difference between the total column ozone measured by OMI and stratospheric ozone measured by the MLS instrument on the Aura satellite. A transport model was used to increase the horizontal resolution of the MLS-derived stratospheric column ozone. Global depictions for July and October 2008 show streams of tropospheric ozone crossing oceans, an important result for understanding both climate and air quality. Credit: M. Schoeberl and J. Ziemke, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2010/figure/lower-atmosphere-ozone-transport.yaml identifier: lower-atmosphere-ozone-transport lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2010 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Lower Atmosphere Ozone Transport uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2010/figure/lower-atmosphere-ozone-transport url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: Flyer for the Southern Plains Drought Outlook webinar series chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2012/figure/managing-drought-southern-plains.yaml identifier: managing-drought-southern-plains lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2012 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Managing Drought In The Southern Plains uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2012/figure/managing-drought-southern-plains url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Map showing initial assessment regions for the “Managing the Nation’s Fish Habitat at Multiple Spatial Scales in a Rapidly Changing Climate” project, which uses downscaled climate and land use models composed of variables that influence fish habitat health, such as surface temperature and agricultural inputs. The map was created by Jodi Whittier at the University of Missouri.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2012/figure/map-fish-habitat-assessment.yaml identifier: map-fish-habitat-assessment lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2012 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Map for Fish Habitat Assessment uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2012/figure/map-fish-habitat-assessment url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'These graphs illustrate the observed association between ground-level ozone concentrations and temperature in Atlanta and New York City (May to Octover 1988-1990). The projected higher temperature across the US int eh 21st century will likely increase the occurence of high ozone concentrations, especially because extremely hot days frequently have stagnant air circulation patterns, although this will also depend on emission of ozone precursors and meteorological factors. Ground-level ozone can exacerbate respiratory diseases and cause short-term reductions in lung function. (Maximum Daily Ozone Chart provided by USEPA.)' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca1/figure/maximum-ozone-concentrations-versus-maximum-temperature.yaml identifier: maximum-ozone-concentrations-versus-maximum-temperature lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: nca1 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Maximum Ozone Concentrations versus Maximum Temperature ' uri: /report/nca1/figure/maximum-ozone-concentrations-versus-maximum-temperature url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Median ozone amounts above North America, in parts per billion, at 10 to 11 km during August 2006, after stratospheric ozone contribution was removed. The ozone enhancement is mainly due to nitrogen oxides emitted by lightning into the upper troposphere, followed by reactions with carbon monoxide, methane, and volatile organic compounds of both anthropogenic and natural origins. The white dots show the locations of observing stations. Credit: O.R. Cooper, CIRES and NOAA / Earth System Research Laboratory (reproduced from Journal of Geophysical Research with permission from the American Geophysical Union).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/median-ozone-north-america-august2006.yaml identifier: median-ozone-north-america-august2006 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2009 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Median Ozone Amounts above North America (August 2006) uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/median-ozone-north-america-august2006 url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'a) Conceptual diagram illustrates how glacial ice becomes unstable and begins collapsing en masse when pressure on underlying permafrost is reduced and CH4 is released into the atmosphere, initiating the positive feedback cycle shown, resulting in the possible release of 20 times the carbon in all estimated crude oil reserves. b) At the sea cliffs in South Australia, mineralized deposits (the yellow dolomite) from the fossil seeps are exposed within Precambrian tidal deposits. The yellow dolomite forms from a chemical reaction as the CH4 is oxidized in the sediment, providing a record of past methane release from the melting clathrates. Credit: M. Kennedy and D. Mrofka, University of California, Riverside; and C. von der Borch, Flinders University.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2010/figure/methane-release-from-ancient-landforms.yaml identifier: methane-release-from-ancient-landforms lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2010 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Methane Release from Ancient Landforms uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2010/figure/methane-release-from-ancient-landforms url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Aerial photo taken during Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) 2003 Field Measurement Campaign. Credit: MCMA 2003 Field Measurement Campaign' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/mexico-city-metropolitan-area.yaml identifier: mexico-city-metropolitan-area lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Mexico City Metropolitan Area uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/mexico-city-metropolitan-area url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Models are an essential tool for synthesizing observations, theory, and experimental results to investigate how the Earth system works and how it is affected by human activities. Such models can be used in both a retrospective sense, to test the accuracy of modeled changes in Earth system forcing and response by comparing model results with observations of past change, and in a prognostic sense, for calculating the response of the Earth system to projected future forcing. Comprehensive climate models represent the major components of the climate system (atmosphere, oceans, land surface, cyrosphere, and biosphere) and the transfer of water, energy, organic chemicals, and mass among them.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/modeling-climate-system.yaml identifier: modeling-climate-system lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2003 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Modeling the Climate System uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/modeling-climate-system url: ~ usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: 'Modeling the diurnal cycle of precipitation. The mean June-July-August local solar time of non-drizzle precipitation frequency maximum has been simulated with the standard Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) (upper panel); super-parameterization CAM (middle panel); and from observational data set by Dai (bottom panel). Non-drizzle precipitation was defined as producing mean precipitation rate in excess of 1 mm per day over a 3-hour interval. Source: From Khairoutdinov et al. 2004, J. Atmos. Sci., submitted.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/modeling-diumal-cycle-precipitation.yaml identifier: modeling-diumal-cycle-precipitation lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Modeling the Diumal Cycle of Precipitation uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/modeling-diumal-cycle-precipitation url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: Map of flight lines from NASA's Antarctic IceBridge Mission in 2011. chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2013/figure/nasa-antarctic-icebridge-mission.yaml identifier: nasa-antarctic-icebridge-mission lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: ~ report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2013 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: NASA's Antarctic IceBridge Mission uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2013/figure/nasa-antarctic-icebridge-mission url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source.