--- - attributes: ~ caption: 'These are just some of the indicators measured globally over many decades that show that the Earth’s climate is warming. White arrows indicate increasing trends, and black arrows indicate decreasing trends. All the indicators expected to increase in a warming world are, in fact, increasing, and all those expected to decrease in a warming world are decreasing. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC based on data updated from Kennedy et al. 201025578196-95d0-4ac7-b889-0e863985423d).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2013-10-21T13:19:02 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/ten-indicators-of-a-warming-world.yaml identifier: ten-indicators-of-a-warming-world lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'NOAA NCDC based on data updated from Kennedy et al. 201025578196-95d0-4ac7-b889-0e863985423d' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Ten Indicators of a Warming World uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/ten-indicators-of-a-warming-world url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/overview/overview/graphics/ten-indicators-warming-world usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: The new clinical services building at UTMB consolidates departments formerly housed in hospital buildings at or below grade. chapter_identifier: current-state-health-care-infrastructure-climate-resilience-extreme-weather-risks create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usdhhs-primary-protection-enhancing-health-care-resilience-changing-climate/chapter/current-state-health-care-infrastructure-climate-resilience-extreme-weather-risks/figure/clinical-services-building-utmb.yaml identifier: clinical-services-building-utmb lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: usdhhs-primary-protection-enhancing-health-care-resilience-changing-climate source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: The new clinical services building at UTMB uri: /report/usdhhs-primary-protection-enhancing-health-care-resilience-changing-climate/chapter/current-state-health-care-infrastructure-climate-resilience-extreme-weather-risks/figure/clinical-services-building-utmb url: ~ usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: 'Global annual average temperature (as measured over both land and oceans) has increased by more than 1.5°F (0.8°C) since 1880 (through 2012). Red bars show temperatures above the long-term average, and blue bars indicate temperatures below the long-term average. The black line shows atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in parts per million (ppm). While there is a clear long-term global warming trend, some years do not show a temperature increase relative to the previous year, and some years show greater changes than others. These year-to-year fluctuations in temperature are due to natural processes, such as the effects of El Niños, La Niñas, and volcanic eruptions. (Figure source: updated from Karl et al. 2009e251f590-177e-4ba6-8ed1-6f68b5e54c8a).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2013-11-06T09:53:23 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/global-temperature-and-carbon-dioxide.yaml identifier: global-temperature-and-carbon-dioxide lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'updated from Karl et al. 2009e251f590-177e-4ba6-8ed1-6f68b5e54c8a' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Global Temperature and Carbon Dioxide uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/global-temperature-and-carbon-dioxide url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/our-changing-climate/graphics/global-temperature-and-carbon-dioxide usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'This figure shows the relationship between high temperatures and deaths observed during the 1995 Chicago heat wave. The large spike in deaths in mid-July of 1995 (red line) is much higher than the average number of deaths during that time of year (orange line), as well as the death rate before and after the heat wave. This increase in the rate of deaths occurred during and after the heat wave, as shown here by temperatures exceeding 100°F during the day (green line). Humidity and high nighttime temperatures were also key contributing factors to this increase in deaths.4f9edf45-db7c-4e87-b1ab-af8856388760 The number of excess deaths has been estimated to be about 700 based on statistical methods, but only 465 deaths in Cook County were classified as “heat-related” on death certificates during this same period,e4b23502-00d8-4f34-8da8-3bb61ece107d demonstrating the tendency of direct attribution to undercount total heat-related deaths. (Figure source: EPA 2014)bfc00315-ccea-4e7c-8a05-2650a07e4252' chapter_identifier: temperature-related-death-and-illness create_dt: 2014-05-01T12:00:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/temperature-related-death-and-illness/figure/heat-related-deaths-during-the-1995-chicago-heat-wave.yaml identifier: heat-related-deaths-during-the-1995-chicago-heat-wave lat_max: 42.2 lat_min: 41.5 lon_max: 88.3 lon_min: 87.1 ordinal: 2 report_identifier: usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 1995-08-30T23:59:59 time_start: 1995-06-01T00:00:00 title: Heat-Related Deaths During the 1995 Chicago Heat Wave uri: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/temperature-related-death-and-illness/figure/heat-related-deaths-during-the-1995-chicago-heat-wave url: ~ usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: 'Technicians work on a NOAA buoy equipped with carbon dioxide sensors. Autonomous sensors like these have improved estimations of how much carbon is stored annually by the oceans. (Source: NOAA)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/measuring-carbon-dioxide-storage-ocean.yaml identifier: measuring-carbon-dioxide-storage-ocean lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: Retrieved from NOAA in March 2015 submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Measuring carbon dioxide storage by the ocean uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/measuring-carbon-dioxide-storage-ocean url: http://research.noaa.gov/InDepth/Features/CurrentFeature/TabId/728/ArtMID/1884/ArticleID/10499/Carbon-dioxide-in-the-tropical-Pacific-Ocean-is-increasing-faster-than-expected.aspx usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "The sun reflects over thin sea ice and a few floating icebergs near the Denmark Strait off eastern Greenland, as seen from NASA's P-3B aircraft during an IceBridge flight. (Credit: NASA)" chapter_identifier: federal-investments-in-global-change-research create_dt: 2012-04-14T00:00:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2015/chapter/federal-investments-in-global-change-research/figure/sea-ice-off-eastern-greenland.yaml identifier: sea-ice-off-eastern-greenland lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2015 source_citation: 'Photo was taken on April 14, 2012, by Jefferson Beck/NASA. It is associated with the IceBridge campaign and taken from on board the NASA P-3B research aircraft' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Sea Ice Off Eastern Greenland uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2015/chapter/federal-investments-in-global-change-research/figure/sea-ice-off-eastern-greenland url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The observational campaign in the Amazon Basin measures key environmental variables, including light and temperature, that drive biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds from the canopy. (Source: NASA/JPL-Caltech)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/emissions-amazon-tropical-canopy.yaml identifier: emissions-amazon-tropical-canopy lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: Retrieved January 2015 from NASA JPL submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Emissions in the Amazon tropical canopy uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/emissions-amazon-tropical-canopy url: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-084 usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Iceberg trapped in sea ice in North Star Bay, near Thule Air Base, Greenland. (Credit: M. Studinger, NASA)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-in-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2015/chapter/federal-investments-in-global-change-research/figure/iceberg-north-star-bay.yaml identifier: iceberg-north-star-bay lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2015 source_citation: '2014 NASA Arctic IceBridge Mission, Michael Studinger (NASA)' submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2014-05-23T23:59:00 time_start: 2014-03-12T00:00:00 title: Iceberg in North Star Bay uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2015/chapter/federal-investments-in-global-change-research/figure/iceberg-north-star-bay url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'This figure shows the projected decrease in death rates due to warming in colder months (October–March, top left), the projected increase in death rates due to warming in the warmer months (April–September, top right), and the projected net change in death rates (combined map, bottom), comparing results for 2100 to those for a 1990 baseline period in 209 U.S. cities. These results are from one of the two climate models (GFDL–CM3 scenario RCP6.0) studied in Schwartz et al. (2015). In the study, mortality data for a city is based on county-level records, so the borders presented reflect counties corresponding to the study cities. Geographic variation in the death rates are due to a combination of differences in the amount of projected warming and variation in the relationship between deaths and temperatures derived from the historical health and temperature data. These results are based on holding the 2010 population constant in the analyses, with no explicit assumptions or adjustment for potential future adaptation. Therefore, these results reflect only the effect of the anticipated change in climate over time. (Figure source: Schwartz et al. 2015)e805bfdc-c4c2-43a0-b2e5-5a66945c74e4' chapter_identifier: temperature-related-death-and-illness create_dt: 2014-10-31T12:00:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/temperature-related-death-and-illness/figure/projected-changes-in-temperature-related-death-rates.yaml identifier: projected-changes-in-temperature-related-death-rates lat_max: 49.38 lat_min: 24.50 lon_max: -66.95 lon_min: -124.80 ordinal: 3 report_identifier: usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2100-12-31T23:59:59 time_start: 1975-01-01T00:00:00 title: Projected Changes in Temperature-Related Death Rates uri: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/temperature-related-death-and-illness/figure/projected-changes-in-temperature-related-death-rates url: ~ usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: 'Observed global average changes (black line), model simulations using only changes in natural factors (solar and volcanic) in green, and model simulations with the addition of human-induced emissions (blue). Climate changes since 1950 cannot be explained by natural factors or variability, and can only be explained by human factors. (Figure source: adapted from Huber and Knutti89032706-9386-44b8-94a9-60ec5ed95594).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2014-02-21T16:00:49 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/separating-human-and-natural-influences-on-climate.yaml identifier: separating-human-and-natural-influences-on-climate lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'adapted from Huber and Knutti89032706-9386-44b8-94a9-60ec5ed95594' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Separating Human and Natural Influences on Climate uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/separating-human-and-natural-influences-on-climate url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/overview/overview/graphics/separating-human-and-natural-influences-climate usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'This graph shows the number of days by which the start of spring in each year differs from the average start of spring during the 20th century. The spring of 2012 (circled) set a record for earliest start. (Source: Adapted from the USGCRP indicators pilot, with data from USA-NPN and NOAA NCDC)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/annual-start-spring-contiguous-united-states.yaml identifier: annual-start-spring-contiguous-united-states lat_max: 49.371742 lat_min: 24.545219 lon_max: -66.957802 lon_min: -124.762146 ordinal: 4 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: 'Adapted from Start of Spring, USGCRP indicators pilot' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Annual Start of Spring for the Contiguous United States uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/annual-start-spring-contiguous-united-states url: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/indicator-start-of-spring usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Different amounts of heat-trapping gases released into the atmosphere by human activities produce different projected increases in Earth’s temperature. In the figure, each line represents a central estimate of global average temperature rise (relative to the 1901-1960 average) for a specific emissions pathway. Shading indicates the range (5th to 95th percentile) of results from a suite of climate models. Projections in 2099 for additional emissions pathways are indicated by the bars to the right of each panel. In all cases, temperatures are expected to rise, although the difference between lower and higher emissions pathways is substantial. (Left) The panel shows the two main scenarios (SRES – Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) used in this report: A2 assumes continued increases in emissions throughout this century, and B1 assumes much slower increases in emissions beginning now and significant emissions reductions beginning around 2050, though not due explicitly to climate change policies. (Right) The panel shows newer analyses, which are results from the most recent generation of climate models (CMIP5) using the most recent emissions pathways (RCPs – Representative Concentration Pathways). Some of these new projections explicitly consider climate policies that would result in emissions reductions, which the SRES set did not.c54b9473-cdc3-4f22-97a8-4df5253f9682,da8af560-43fe-4825-8303-2bc772f26b88 The newest set includes both lower and higher pathways than did the previous set. The lowest emissions pathway shown here, RCP 2.6, assumes immediate and rapid reductions in emissions and would result in about 2.5°F of warming in this century. The highest pathway, RCP 8.5, roughly similar to a continuation of the current path of global emissions increases, is projected to lead to more than 8°F warming by 2100, with a high-end possibility of more than 11°F. (Data from CMIP3, CMIP5, and NOAA NCDC).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2014-03-17T09:43:07 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/emissions-levels-determine-temperature-rises.yaml identifier: emissions-levels-determine-temperature-rises lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'CMIP3, CMIP5, and NOAA NCDC' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Emissions Levels Determine Temperature Rises uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/emissions-levels-determine-temperature-rises url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/future-climate/graphics/emission-levels-determine-temperature-rises usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Monitoring biodiversity in the field. (Credit: C. Körner)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-in-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2015/chapter/federal-investments-in-global-change-research/figure/measuring-biodiversity.yaml identifier: measuring-biodiversity lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2015 source_citation: 'Christian Körner with students counting individuals of R. glacialis during a two-week field course in Abisko, Sweden, in 2002' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Measuring Biodiversity uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2015/chapter/federal-investments-in-global-change-research/figure/measuring-biodiversity url: ~ usage_limits: 'Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. ' - attributes: ~ caption: 'This figure shows the projected increase in deaths due to warming in the summer months (hot season, April–September), the projected decrease in deaths due to warming in the winter months (cold season, October–March), and the projected net change in deaths for the 209 U.S. cities examined. These results compare projected deaths for future reporting years to results for the year 1990 while holding the population constant at 2010 levels and without any quantitative adjustment for potential future adaptation, so that temperature–death relationships observed in the last decade of the available data (1997–2006) are assumed to remain unchanged in projections over the 21st century. With these assumptions, the figure shows an increasing health benefit in terms of reduced deaths during the cold season (October–March) over the 21st century from warming temperatures, while deaths during the hot season (April–September) increase. Overall, the additional deaths from the warming in the hot season exceed the reduction in deaths during the cold season, resulting in a net increase in deaths attributable to temperature over time as a result of climate change. The baseline and future reporting years are based on 30-year periods where possible, with the exception of 2100: 1990 (1976–2005), 2030 (2016–2045), 2050 (2036–2065), and 2100 (2086–2100). (Figure source: adapted from Schwartz et al. 2015)e805bfdc-c4c2-43a0-b2e5-5a66945c74e4' chapter_identifier: temperature-related-death-and-illness create_dt: 2014-10-31T12:00:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/temperature-related-death-and-illness/figure/projected-changes-in-deaths-in-us-cities-by-season.yaml identifier: projected-changes-in-deaths-in-us-cities-by-season lat_max: 49.38 lat_min: 24.50 lon_max: -66.95 lon_min: -124.80 ordinal: 4 report_identifier: usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2100-12-31T23:59:59 time_start: 2030-01-01T00:00:00 title: Projected Changes in Deaths in U.S. Cities by Season uri: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/temperature-related-death-and-illness/figure/projected-changes-in-deaths-in-us-cities-by-season url: ~ usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: 'Inside the prototype for SPRUCE experimental chambers. (Credit: DOE) ' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-in-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2015/chapter/federal-investments-in-global-change-research/figure/experiment-understand-spruce-peatland-responses-climate-change.yaml identifier: experiment-understand-spruce-peatland-responses-climate-change lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2015 source_citation: 'Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Climatic and Environmental Change, 2010. The SPRUCE experiment, Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://mnspruce.ornl.gov/' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Experiment to Understand Spruce and Peatland Responses to Climate Change uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2015/chapter/federal-investments-in-global-change-research/figure/experiment-understand-spruce-peatland-responses-climate-change url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 satellite (above) was a landmark 2014 addition to the U.S. portfolio of Earth observing systems. (Source: NASA)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/orbiting-carbon-observatory.yaml identifier: orbiting-carbon-observatory lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: Artist's concept of the OCO-2. Created 2008. Retrieved from the NASA JPL PhotoJournal January 2015 submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Orbiting Carbon Observatory uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/orbiting-carbon-observatory url: 'http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/snt?subselect=Mission:Orbiting+Carbon+Observatory+(OCO):' usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Projected change in average annual temperature over the period 2071-2099 (compared to the period 1970-1999) under a low scenario that assumes rapid reductions in emissions and concentrations of heat-trapping gases (RCP 2.6), and a higher scenario that assumes continued increases in emissions (RCP 8.5). (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2013-12-05T10:16:05 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/projected-change-in-average-annual-temperature.yaml identifier: projected-change-in-average-annual-temperature lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Change in Average Annual Temperature uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/projected-change-in-average-annual-temperature url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/future-climate-change/graphics/projected-change-average-annual usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Modeled (top panel) and observed (bottom two panels) changes in atmospheric aerosol loads between 1980 and 2000. A decrease over Europe and North America (blue) and an increase over southeastern and eastern Asia (red)—evident in all three panels—contributed to localized warming and cooling, respectively, during this period. (Credit: Shindell et al., 2013, Atmos. Chem. Phys.)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-in-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2015/chapter/federal-investments-in-global-change-research/figure/changes-atmospheric-aerosol-loads.yaml identifier: changes-atmospheric-aerosol-loads lat_max: 90 lat_min: -90 lon_max: 180 lon_min: -180 ordinal: 6 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2015 source_citation: 'Shindell, T. D. et al., Radiative Forcing in the ACCMIP Historical and Future Climate Simulations, 2949 Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2939–2974, 2013 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/2939/2013/. Data for the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Global Aerosol Climatology Project comes from Geogdzhayev et al., 2005 and the data for the AVHRR NOAA comes from Zhao et al., 2008' submission_dt: 2013-03-15T00:00:00 time_end: 2000-12-31T23:59:00 time_start: 1980-01-01T00:00:00 title: Changes in Atmospheric Aerosol Loads uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2015/chapter/federal-investments-in-global-change-research/figure/changes-atmospheric-aerosol-loads url: ~ usage_limits: 'Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. ' - attributes: ~ caption: 'Projected change in average annual precipitation over the period 2071-2099 (compared to the period 1970-1999) under a low scenario that assumes rapid reductions in emissions and concentrations of heat-trapping gasses (RCP 2.6), and a higher scenario that assumes continued increases in emissions (RCP 8.5). Hatched areas indicate confidence that the projected changes are significant and consistent among models. White areas indicate that the changes are not projected to be larger than could be expected from natural variability. In general, northern parts of the U.S. (especially the Northeast and Alaska) are projected to receive more precipitation, while southern parts (especially the Southwest) are projected to receive less. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2013-09-05T13:43:25 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/projected-change-in-average-annual-precipitation.yaml identifier: projected-change-in-average-annual-precipitation lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Change in Average Annual Precipitation uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/projected-change-in-average-annual-precipitation url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/future-climate-change/graphics/projected-change-average-annual-0 usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The U.S. Climate Modeling Summit brought together representatives from the Nation’s major experimental and operational climate modeling programs. Above, Summit participants gather at the NOAA Center for Weather and Climate Prediction. (Source: NOAA)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: 2015-02-11T00:00:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/us-climate-modeling-summit.yaml identifier: us-climate-modeling-summit lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: 'Photo taken February 11, 2015. Retrieved March 2015 from NOAA Climate Program Office.' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: U.S. Climate Modeling Summit uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/us-climate-modeling-summit url: http://cpo.noaa.gov/AboutCPO/AllNews/TabId/315/ArtMID/668/ArticleID/198149/NOAA-hosted-first-annual-US-Climate-Modeling-Summit.aspx usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Green infrastructure projects, such as this stormwater planter, help to collect and absorb runoff, among other benefits. Local-level capacity and reliable cost-benefit information are needed to effectively incorporate such solutions into stormwater management. (Source: EPA)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/green-infrastructure-stormwater-management.yaml identifier: green-infrastructure-stormwater-management lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 7 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2016 source_citation: Retrieved from EPA Water Green Infrastructure site January 2015 submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Green Infrastructure for Stormwater Management uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2016/chapter/federal-investments-global-change-research/figure/green-infrastructure-stormwater-management url: http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/greeninfrastructure/index.cfm#tabs-3 usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The colors on the map show temperature changes over the past 22 years (1991-2012) compared to the 1901-1960 average, and compared to the 1951-1980 average for Alaska and Hawai‘i. The bars on the graphs show the average temperature changes by decade for 1901-2012 (relative to the 1901-1960 average) for each region. The far right bar in each graph (2000s decade) includes 2011 and 2012. The period from 2001 to 2012 was warmer than any previous decade in every region. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: our-changing-climate create_dt: 2013-08-03T10:04:00 href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/observed-us-temperature-change.yaml identifier: observed-us-temperature-change lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 7 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Observed U.S. Temperature Change uri: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate/figure/observed-us-temperature-change url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/our-changing-climate/graphics/observed-us-temperature-change usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Doppler radar deployed during the DYNAMO mission, with MJO-associated cumulus clouds growing over the Indian Ocean. (Credit: E. Maloney, Colorado State University)' chapter_identifier: federal-investments-in-global-change-research create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2015/chapter/federal-investments-in-global-change-research/figure/radar-observations-madden-julian-oscillation.yaml identifier: radar-observations-madden-julian-oscillation lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 7 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2015 source_citation: 'Photograph courtesy of Eric D. Maloney, Colorado State University and Adam H. Sobel, Shang-Ping Xie, and L. Kiranmayi, NOAA Climate Program Office, National Science Foundation Climate and Large-Scale Dynamics Program' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Radar Observations of the Madden-Julian Oscillation uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2015/chapter/federal-investments-in-global-change-research/figure/radar-observations-madden-julian-oscillation url: ~ usage_limits: 'Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. ' - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: key-concepts-definitions create_dt: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usda-climate-change-global-food-security-us-food-system-2015/chapter/key-concepts-definitions/figure/food-system-activities-feedbacks-2.yaml identifier: food-system-activities-feedbacks-2 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 8 report_identifier: usda-climate-change-global-food-security-us-food-system-2015 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Food system activities and feedbacks uri: /report/usda-climate-change-global-food-security-us-food-system-2015/chapter/key-concepts-definitions/figure/food-system-activities-feedbacks-2 url: ~ usage_limits: ~