--- cited_by: - publication: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health publication_type: chapter reference: /reference/69d04f03-5ba1-46a6-a7e3-fa449d448bea - publication: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/heavy-downpours-disease publication_type: figure reference: /reference/69d04f03-5ba1-46a6-a7e3-fa449d448bea - publication: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/harmful-bloom-of-algae publication_type: figure reference: /reference/69d04f03-5ba1-46a6-a7e3-fa449d448bea - publication: /report/nca3 publication_type: report reference: /reference/69d04f03-5ba1-46a6-a7e3-fa449d448bea - publication: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/water-related-illnesses/finding/seasonal-geographic-changes-waternborne-illness-risk publication_type: finding reference: /reference/69d04f03-5ba1-46a6-a7e3-fa449d448bea - publication: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/water-related-illnesses publication_type: chapter reference: /reference/69d04f03-5ba1-46a6-a7e3-fa449d448bea - publication: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016 publication_type: report reference: /reference/69d04f03-5ba1-46a6-a7e3-fa449d448bea contributors: - display_name: 'Editor : Ahmed El Nemr (National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries) ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/16459.yaml id: 16459 organization: country_code: EG display_name: National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries identifier: national-institute-oceanography-fisheries name: National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries organization_type_identifier: national type: organization url: http://www.niof.sci.eg/ organization_uri: /organization/national-institute-oceanography-fisheries person: display_name: Ahmed El Nemr first_name: Ahmed id: 10632 last_name: El Nemr middle_name: ~ orcid: 0000-0003-2373-5846 type: person url: ~ person_id: 10632 person_uri: /person/10632 role_type_identifier: editor uri: /contributor/16459 - display_name: 'Publisher : Nova Science Publishers ' href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/16460.yaml id: 16460 organization: country_code: ~ display_name: Nova Science Publishers identifier: nova-science-publishers name: Nova Science Publishers organization_type_identifier: ~ type: organization url: http://www.novapublishers.com/ organization_uri: /organization/nova-science-publishers person: {} person_id: ~ person_uri: ~ role_type_identifier: publisher uri: /contributor/16460 description: "There is mounting evidence that the frequency of occurrence and geographic extent of potentially harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing. Some of this increase can be attributed to shifts in ocean conditions and local weather patterns, large-scale climate oscillations, and more recently, climate change. More frequent and widespread HABs increase the risk for human encounters with the algae and the toxins they produce. Specific interfaces across which people are exposed to HABs include contaminated seafood and drinking water. Also, as more of our global population migrates to coasts and shorelines, there is increased risk for exposures to any contaminants in the nearby water environment, including HAB toxins. Finally, global tourism puts naive populations at risk for exposure to HABs during recreational activities such as swimming, using personal water craft, sport fishing, and recreational shellfish harvesting. The public health costs of increases in HAB exposures will likely include more cases of human diseases such as ciguatera fish poisoning and respiratory effects from inhaling aerosols containing HAB toxins, such as brevetoxins from Florida red tides. Another public health-related cost will be expending resources to monitor HABs and develop and implement early detection systems to prevent exposures and subsequent diseases. In this chapter, we review impending changes in public health risk associated with potential climate-driven changes in the occurrence and distribution of marine HABs, and assess the potential for adaptation and mitigation of the impacts of future HABs through technological development, education, and policy changes. Human activities may contribute to climate change by causing changes in Earth's atmosphere in the amounts of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O and the halocarbons, a group of gases containing fluorine, chlorine and bromine linked to carbon), aerosols (small particles), and cloudiness. The largest known contribution comes from the burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide, water vapor and other gases to the atmosphere. Significant increases in all of these gases have occurred in the industrial era because most of these gases accumulate in the atmosphere, causing concentrations to increase with time. This book presents and discusses the latest research in the climate change field and its relation to pollution. (Imprint: Nova)" display_name: Environmental Pollution and Its Relation to Climate Change files: [] href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/book/72f62e3e-3777-42fe-a2f8-5951e43aeeee.yaml identifier: 72f62e3e-3777-42fe-a2f8-5951e43aeeee in_library: ~ isbn: 9781617617942 number_of_pages: 706 parents: - display_name: 'NCA3 Chapter 9: Human Health' reference: /reference/69d04f03-5ba1-46a6-a7e3-fa449d448bea relationship: cito:isCitedBy uri: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health - display_name: '9.7: Heavy Downpours are Increasing Exposure to Disease' reference: /reference/69d04f03-5ba1-46a6-a7e3-fa449d448bea relationship: cito:isCitedBy uri: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/heavy-downpours-disease - display_name: '9.8: Harmful Bloom of Algae' reference: /reference/69d04f03-5ba1-46a6-a7e3-fa449d448bea relationship: cito:isCitedBy uri: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health/figure/harmful-bloom-of-algae - display_name: 'Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment' reference: /reference/69d04f03-5ba1-46a6-a7e3-fa449d448bea relationship: cito:isCitedBy uri: /report/nca3 - display_name: "Finding 6.1 of 'The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment'" reference: /reference/69d04f03-5ba1-46a6-a7e3-fa449d448bea relationship: cito:isCitedBy uri: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/water-related-illnesses/finding/seasonal-geographic-changes-waternborne-illness-risk - display_name: "Chapter 6: Climate Impacts on Water-Related Illnesses (in 'The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment')" reference: /reference/69d04f03-5ba1-46a6-a7e3-fa449d448bea relationship: cito:isCitedBy uri: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/water-related-illnesses - display_name: 'The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment' reference: /reference/69d04f03-5ba1-46a6-a7e3-fa449d448bea relationship: cito:isCitedBy uri: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016 publisher: Nova Science Publishers references: [] title: Environmental Pollution and Its Relation to Climate Change topic: ~ type: book uri: /book/72f62e3e-3777-42fe-a2f8-5951e43aeeee url: ~ year: 2012