---
cited_by:
  - publication: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health
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  - publication: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health/finding/climate-change-threatens-health
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  - publication: /report/nca3
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  - publication: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/water-related-illnesses
    publication_type: chapter
    reference: /reference/a5d4557b-2340-45c2-89cd-4c2bc5e9d720
  - publication: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016
    publication_type: report
    reference: /reference/a5d4557b-2340-45c2-89cd-4c2bc5e9d720
contributors:
  - display_name: 'Author : Gordon Nichols '
    href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/contributor/11862.yaml
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    person:
      display_name: Gordon Nichols
      first_name: Gordon
      id: 9442
      last_name: Nichols
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    person_id: 9442
    person_uri: /person/9442
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    uri: /contributor/11862
  - display_name: 'Author : Chris Lane '
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    id: 11863
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    person:
      display_name: Chris Lane
      first_name: Chris
      id: 9443
      last_name: Lane
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    person_id: 9443
    person_uri: /person/9443
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    uri: /contributor/11863
  - display_name: 'Author : Nima Asgari '
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      display_name: Nima Asgari
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      last_name: Asgari
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    person_id: 9444
    person_uri: /person/9444
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    uri: /contributor/11864
  - display_name: 'Author : Neville Q. Verlander '
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    organization: ~
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    person:
      display_name: Neville Q. Verlander
      first_name: Neville Q.
      id: 9445
      last_name: Verlander
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    person_id: 9445
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  - display_name: 'Author : Andre Charlett '
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      display_name: Andre Charlett
      first_name: Andre
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      last_name: Charlett
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description: 'A case-crossover study compared rainfall in the 4 weeks before drinking water related outbreaks with that in the five previous control years. This included public and private drinking water related outbreaks in England and Wales from 1910 to 1999. Of 111 outbreaks, 89 met inclusion criteria and the implicated pathogens included Giardia, Cryptosporidium, E. coli, S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi,Campylobacter and Streptobacillus moniliformis. Weather data was derived from the British Atmospheric Data Centre There was a significant association between excess cumulative rainfall in the previous 7 days and outbreaks (p=0.001). There was an excess of rainfall below 20 mm for the three weeks previous to this in outbreak compared to control weeks (p=0.002). Cumulative rainfall exceedances were associated with outbreak years. This study provides evidence that both low rainfall and heavy rain precede many drinking water outbreaks and assessing the health impacts of climate change should examine both. '
display_name: Rainfall and outbreaks of drinking water related disease and in England and Wales
doi: 10.2166/wh.2009.143
files: []
href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.2166/wh.2009.143.yaml
identifier: 10.2166/wh.2009.143
journal_identifier: journal-water-health
journal_pages: 1-8
journal_vol: 7
notes: ~
parents:
  - display_name: 'NCA3 Chapter 9: Human Health'
    reference: /reference/a5d4557b-2340-45c2-89cd-4c2bc5e9d720
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  - display_name: NCA3 Finding 9.1
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    uri: /report/nca3/chapter/human-health/finding/climate-change-threatens-health
  - display_name: 'Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment'
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    uri: /report/nca3
  - display_name: "Chapter 6: Climate Impacts on Water-Related Illnesses (in 'The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment')"
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    relationship: cito:isCitedBy
    uri: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/water-related-illnesses
  - display_name: 'The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment'
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    relationship: cito:isCitedBy
    uri: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016
references: []
title: Rainfall and outbreaks of drinking water related disease and in England and Wales
type: article
uri: /article/10.2166/wh.2009.143
url: ~
year: 2009