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<http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1371/journal.pone.0060882>   
   dcterms:identifier "10.1371/journal.pone.0060882";
   dcterms:title "Genetic diversity and distribution of the ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus spp. (Dinophyceae) in coastal areas of Japan"^^xsd:string;
   dcterms:isPartOf <http://52.38.26.42:8080/journal/plos-one>;
   bibo:volume "8";
   bibo:pages "e60882";
   dbpprop:pubYear "2013"^^xsd:gYear;
   dcterms:description "Background:       The marine epiphytic dinoflagellate genus Gambierdiscus produce toxins that cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP): one of the most significant seafood-borne illnesses associated with fish consumption worldwide. So far, occurrences of CFP incidents in Japan have been mainly reported in subtropical areas. A previous phylogeographic study of Japanese Gambierdiscus revealed the existence of two distinct phylotypes: Gambierdiscus sp. type 1 from subtropical and Gambierdiscus sp. type 2 from temperate areas. However, details of the genetic diversity and distribution for Japanese Gambierdiscus are still unclear, because a comprehensive investigation has not been conducted yet.      Methods/Principal Finding:      A total of 248 strains were examined from samples mainly collected from western and southern coastal areas of Japan during 2006-2011. The SSU rDNA, the LSU rDNA D8-D10 and the ITS region were selected as genetic markers and phylogenetic analyses were conducted. The genetic diversity of Japanese Gambierdiscus was high since five species/phylotypes were detected: including two reported phylotypes (Gambierdiscus sp. type 1 and Gambierdiscus sp. type 2), two species of Gambierdiscus (G. australes and G. cf. yasumotoi) and a hitherto unreported phylotype Gambierdiscus sp. type 3. The distributions of type 3 and G. cf. yasumotoi were restricted to the temperate and the subtropical area, respectively. On the other hand, type 1, type 2 and G. australes occurred from the subtropical to the temperate area, with a tendency that type 1 and G. australes were dominant in the subtropical area, whereas type 2 was dominant in the temperate area. By using mouse bioassay, type 1, type 3 and G. australes exhibited mouse toxicities.      Conclusions/Significance:      This study revealed a surprising diversity of Japanese Gambierdiscus and the distribution of five species/phylotypes displayed clear geographical patterns in Japanese coastal areas. The SSU rDNA and the LSU rDNA D8-D10 as genetic markers are recommended for further use. "^^xsd:string;
   bibo:doi "10.1371/journal.pone.0060882";

   a gcis:AcademicArticle, fabio:Article .

## Contributors:


## This article is cited by the following entities in GCIS:

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1371/journal.pone.0060882>
   cito:isCitedBy <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/water-related-illnesses>;
   biro:isReferencedBy <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/34797047-47b6-465f-82cd-4cb62cb32b90>.

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1371/journal.pone.0060882>
   cito:isCitedBy <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016>;
   biro:isReferencedBy <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/34797047-47b6-465f-82cd-4cb62cb32b90>.