@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> .
@prefix dbpprop: <http://dbpedia.org/property/> .
@prefix gcis: <http://data.globalchange.gov/gcis.owl#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix fabio: <http://purl.org/spar/fabio/> .
@prefix cito: <http://purl.org/spar/cito/> .
@prefix biro: <http://purl.org/spar/biro/> .

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1097/01.ede.0000249425.32990.b9>   
   dcterms:identifier "10.1097/01.ede.0000249425.32990.b9";
   dcterms:title "Water quality indicators and the risk of illness at beaches with nonpoint sources of fecal contamination"^^xsd:string;
   dcterms:isPartOf <http://52.38.26.42:8080/journal/epidemiology>;
   bibo:volume "18";
   bibo:pages "27-35";
   dbpprop:pubYear "2007"^^xsd:gYear;
   dcterms:description "Background: Indicator bacteria are a good predictor of illness at    marine beaches that have point sources of pollution with human   fecal content. Few studies have addressed the utility of indicator   bacteria where nonpoint sources are the dominant fecal input.   Extrapolating current water-quality thresholds to such locations is   uncertain.   Methods: In a cohort of 8797 beachgoers at Mission Bay, California,   we measured baseline health at the time of exposure and 2   weeks later. Water samples were analyzed for bacterial indicators   (enterococcus, fecal coliforms, total coliforms) using both traditional   and nontraditional methods, ie, chromogenic substrate or   quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A novel bacterial indicator   (Bacteroides) and viruses (coliphage, adenovirus, norovirus) also   were measured. Associations of 14 health outcomes with both water   exposure and water quality indicators were assessed.   Results: Diarrhea and skin rash incidence were the only symptoms   that were increased in swimmers compared with nonswimmers. The   incidence of illness was not associated with any of the indicators that   traditionally are used to monitor beaches. Among nontraditional   water quality indicators, associations with illness were observed   only for male-specific coliphage, although a low number of participants   were exposed to water at times when coliphage was detected.   Conclusions: Traditional fecal indicators currently used to monitor   these beaches were not associated with health risks. These results   suggest a need for alternative indicators of water quality where   nonpoint sources are dominant fecal contributors. "^^xsd:string;
   bibo:doi "10.1097/01.ede.0000249425.32990.b9";

   a gcis:AcademicArticle, fabio:Article .

## Contributors:


## This article is cited by the following entities in GCIS:

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1097/01.ede.0000249425.32990.b9>
   cito:isCitedBy <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/water-related-illnesses>;
   biro:isReferencedBy <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/798f3a8c-e89f-417c-af8a-bdb7df2becf8>.

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1097/01.ede.0000249425.32990.b9>
   cito:isCitedBy <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016>;
   biro:isReferencedBy <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/798f3a8c-e89f-417c-af8a-bdb7df2becf8>.