@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> .
@prefix dbpprop: <http://dbpedia.org/property/> .
@prefix gcis: <http://data.globalchange.gov/gcis.owl#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix fabio: <http://purl.org/spar/fabio/> .
@prefix cito: <http://purl.org/spar/cito/> .
@prefix biro: <http://purl.org/spar/biro/> .

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.033>   
   dcterms:identifier "10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.033";
   dcterms:title "Using rapid indicators for Enterococcus to assess the risk of illness after exposure to urban runoff contaminated marine water"^^xsd:string;
   dcterms:isPartOf <http://52.38.26.42:8080/journal/water-research>;
   bibo:volume "46";
   bibo:pages "2176-2186";
   dbpprop:pubYear "2012"^^xsd:gYear;
   dcterms:description "Background: Traditional fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) measurement is too slow (>18 h) for timely swimmer warnings.      Objectives: Assess relationship of rapid indicator methods (qPCR) to illness at a marine beach impacted by urban runoff.      Methods: We measured baseline and two-week health in 9525 individuals visiting Doheny Beach 2007-08. Illness rates were compared (swimmers vs. non-swimmers). FIB measured by traditional (Enterococcus spp. by EPA Method 1600 or Enterolerttm, fecal coliforms, total coliforms) and three rapid qPCR assays for Enterococcus spp. (Taqman, Scorpion-1, Scorpion-2) were compared to health. Primary bacterial source was a creek flowing untreated into ocean; the creek did not reach the ocean when a sand berm formed. This provided a natural experiment for examining FIB-health relationships under varying conditions.      Results: We observed significant increases in diarrhea (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.29-2.80 for swallowing water) and other outcomes in swimmers compared to non-swimmers. Exposure (body immersion, head immersion, swallowed water) was associated with increasing risk of gastrointestinal illness (GI). Daily GI incidence patterns were different: swimmers (2-day peak) and non-swimmers (no peak). With berm-open, we observed associations between GI and traditional and rapid methods for Enterococcus; fewer associations occurred when berm status was not considered.      Conclusions: We found increased risk of GI at this urban runoff beach. When FIB source flowed freely (berm-open), several traditional and rapid indicators were related to illness. When FIB source was weak (berm-closed) fewer illness associations were seen. These different relationships under different conditions at a single beach demonstrate the difficulties using these indicators to predict health risk. "^^xsd:string;
   bibo:doi "10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.033";

   a gcis:AcademicArticle, fabio:Article .

## Contributors:


## This article is cited by the following entities in GCIS:

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.033>
   cito:isCitedBy <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/water-related-illnesses>;
   biro:isReferencedBy <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/78f86257-8d08-4cab-854e-7168a61ae54b>.

<http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.033>
   cito:isCitedBy <http://52.38.26.42:8080/report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016>;
   biro:isReferencedBy <http://52.38.26.42:8080/reference/78f86257-8d08-4cab-854e-7168a61ae54b>.