--- - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-19681384.yaml identifier: pmid-19681384 journal_identifier: journal-environmental-health journal_pages: 17-22 journal_vol: 72 notes: ~ title: 'Predictability of swimming prohibitions by observational parameters: A proactive public health policy, Stamford, Connecticut, 1989-2004.' uri: /article/pmid-19681384 url: ~ year: 2009 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-19754006.yaml identifier: pmid-19754006 journal_identifier: national-vital-statistics-reports journal_pages: '1-28, 32' journal_vol: 58 notes: ~ title: 'The effect of Hurricane Katrina: Births in the U.S. Gulf Coast region, before and after the storm' uri: /article/pmid-19754006 url: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr58/nvsr58_02.pdf year: 2009 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-20003727.yaml identifier: pmid-20003727 journal_identifier: journal-food-protection journal_pages: 2471-2475 journal_vol: 72 notes: ~ title: 'Heat and drought stress during growth of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) does not promote internalization of Escherichia coli O157: H7' uri: /article/pmid-20003727 url: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iafp/jfp/2009/00000072/00000012/art00004?crawler=true year: 2009 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-20360671.yaml identifier: pmid-20360671 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report-surveillance-summaries journal_pages: 1-17 journal_vol: 59 notes: ~ title: 'Surveillance for human West Nile virus disease - United States, 1999-2008' uri: /article/pmid-20360671 url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5902a1.htm year: 2010 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-20489680.yaml identifier: pmid-20489680 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report journal_pages: 577-581 journal_vol: 59 notes: ~ title: 'Locally acquired dengue - Key West, Florida, 2009-2010' uri: /article/pmid-20489680 url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5919a1.htm year: 2010 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-20651641.yaml identifier: pmid-20651641 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report journal_pages: 865-868 journal_vol: 59 notes: ~ title: 'Emergence of Cryptococcus gattii -- Pacific Northwest, 2004-2010' uri: /article/pmid-20651641 url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5928a1.htm year: 2010 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-20724966.yaml identifier: pmid-20724966 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report journal_pages: 1009-1013 journal_vol: 59 notes: ~ title: 'Heat illness among high school athletes --- United States, 2005-2009' uri: /article/pmid-20724966 url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5932a1.htm year: 2010 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-21814164.yaml identifier: pmid-21814164 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report journal_pages: 1014-1017 journal_vol: 60 notes: ~ title: 'Carbon monoxide exposures--United States, 2000-2009' uri: /article/pmid-21814164 url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6030a2.htm year: 2011 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-21849965.yaml identifier: pmid-21849965 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report journal_pages: 1083-1086 journal_vol: 60 notes: ~ title: 'Legionellosis --- United States, 2000-2009' uri: /article/pmid-21849965 url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6032a3.htm year: 2011 - description: "Problem/Condition: Since 1971, CDC, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists have collaborated on the Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (WBDOSS) for collecting and reporting data related to occurrences and causes of waterborne disease outbreaks associated with drinking water. This surveillance system is the primary source of data concerning the scope and health effects of waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Reporting Period: Data presented summarize 48 outbreaks that occurred during January 2007--December 2008 and 70 previously unreported outbreaks. Description of System: WBDOSS includes data on outbreaks associated with drinking water, recreational water, water not intended for drinking (WNID) (excluding recreational water), and water use of unknown intent (WUI). Public health agencies in the states, U.S. territories, localities, and Freely Associated States are primarily responsible for detecting and investigating outbreaks and reporting them voluntarily to CDC by a standard form. Only data on outbreaks associated with drinking water, WNID (excluding recreational water), and WUI are summarized in this report. Outbreaks associated with recreational water are reported separately. Results: A total of 24 states and Puerto Rico reported 48 outbreaks that occurred during 2007--2008. Of these 48 outbreaks, 36 were associated with drinking water, eight with WNID, and four with WUI. The 36 drinking water--associated outbreaks caused illness among at least 4,128 persons and were linked to three deaths. Etiologic agents were identified in 32 (88.9%) of the 36 drinking water--associated outbreaks; 21 (58.3%) outbreaks were associated with bacteria, five (13.9%) with viruses, three (8.3%) with parasites, one (2.8%) with a chemical, one (2.8%) with both bacteria and viruses, and one (2.8%) with both bacteria and parasites. Four outbreaks (11.1%) had unidentified etiologies. Of the 36 drinking water--associated outbreaks, 22 (61.1%) were outbreaks of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI), 12 (33.3%) were outbreaks of acute respiratory illness (ARI), one (2.8%) was an outbreak associated with skin irritation, and one (2.8%) was an outbreak of hepatitis. All outbreaks of ARI were caused by Legionella spp. A total of 37 deficiencies were identified in the 36 outbreaks associated with drinking water. Of the 37 deficiencies, 22 (59.5%) involved contamination at or in the source water, treatment facility, or distribution system; 13 (35.1%) occurred at points not under the jurisdiction of a water utility; and two (5.4%) had unknown/insufficient deficiency information. Among the 21 outbreaks associated with source water, treatment, or distribution system deficiencies, 13 (61.9%) were associated with untreated ground water, six (28.6%) with treatment deficiencies, one (4.8%) with a distribution system deficiency, and one (4.8%) with both a treatment and a distribution system deficiency. No outbreaks were associated with untreated surface water. Of the 21 outbreaks, 16 (76.2%) occurred in public water systems (drinking water systems under the jurisdiction of EPA regulations and water utility management), and five (23.8%) outbreaks occurred in individual systems (all of which were associated with untreated ground water). Among the 13 outbreaks with deficiencies not under the jurisdiction of a water system, 12 (92.3%) were associated with the growth of Legionella spp. in the drinking water system, and one (7.7%) was associated with a plumbing deficiency. In the two outbreaks with unknown deficiencies, one was associated with a public water supply, and the other was associated with commercially bottled water. The 70 previously unreported outbreaks included 69 Legionella outbreaks during 1973--2000 that were not reportable previously to WBDOSS and one previously unreported outbreak from 2002. Interpretation: More than half of the drinking water--associated outbreaks reported during the 2007--2008 surveillance period were associated with untreated or inadequately treated ground water, indicating that contamination of ground water remains a public health problem. The majority of these outbreaks occurred in public water systems that are subject to EPA's new Ground Water Rule (GWR), which requires the majority of community water systems to complete initial sanitary surveys by 2012. The GWR focuses on identification of deficiencies, protection of wells and springs from contamination, and providing disinfection when necessary to protect against bacterial and viral agents. In addition, several drinking water--associated outbreaks that were related to contaminated ground water appeared to occur in systems that were potentially under the influence of surface water. Future efforts to collect data systematically on contributing factors associated with drinking water outbreaks and deficiencies, including identification of ground water under the direct influence of surface water and the criteria used for their classification, would be useful to better assess risks associated with ground water. During 2007--2008, Legionella was the most frequently reported etiology among drinking water--associated outbreaks, following the pattern observed since it was first included in WBDOSS in 2001. However, six (50%) of the 12 drinking water--associated Legionella outbreaks were reported from one state, highlighting the substantial variance in outbreak detection and reporting across states and territories. The addition of published and CDC-investigated legionellosis outbreaks to the WBDOSS database clarifies that Legionella is not a new public health issue. During 2009, Legionella was added to EPA's Contaminant Candidate List for the first time. Public Health Actions: CDC and EPA use WBDOSS surveillance data to identify the types of etiologic agents, deficiencies, water systems, and sources associated with waterborne disease outbreaks and to evaluate the adequacy of current technologies and practices for providing safe drinking water. Surveillance data also are used to establish research priorities, which can lead to improved water quality regulation development. Approximately two thirds of the outbreaks associated with untreated ground water reported during the 2007--2008 surveillance period occurred in public water systems. When fully implemented, the GWR that was promulgated in 2006 is expected to result in decreases in ground water outbreaks, similar to the decreases observed in surface water outbreaks after enactment of the Surface Water Treatment Rule in 1974 and its subsequent amendments. One third of drinking water--associated outbreaks occurred in building premise plumbing systems outside the jurisdiction of water utility management and EPA regulations; Legionella spp. accounted for >90% of these outbreaks, indicating that greater attention is needed to reduce the risk for legionellosis in building plumbing systems. Finally, a large communitywide drinking water outbreak occurred in 2008 in a public water system associated with a distribution system deficiency, underscoring the importance of maintaining and upgrading drinking water distribution system infrastructure to provide safe water and protect public health. " doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-21937977.yaml identifier: pmid-21937977 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report-surveillance-summaries journal_pages: 38-68 journal_vol: 60 notes: ~ title: 'Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks associated with drinking water---United States, 2007--2008' uri: /article/pmid-21937977 url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6012a4.htm year: 2011 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-22273236.yaml identifier: pmid-22273236 journal_identifier: american-surgeon journal_pages: 1712-1713 journal_vol: 77 notes: ~ title: 'Are We Prepared Yet for the Extremes of Weather Changes? Emergence of Several Severe Frostbite Cases in Louisiana' uri: /article/pmid-22273236 url: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/sesc/tas/2011/00000077/00000012/art00049 year: 2011 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-22297282.yaml identifier: pmid-22297282 journal_identifier: journal-vector-borne-diseases journal_pages: 210-213 journal_vol: 48 notes: ~ title: Maternal and fetal outcome of dengue fever in pregnancy uri: /article/pmid-22297282 url: http://www.mrcindia.org/journal/issues/484210.pdf year: 2011 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-22377962.yaml identifier: pmid-22377962 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report journal_pages: 1-17 journal_vol: 61 notes: ~ title: 'Malaria surveillance—United States, 2010' uri: /article/pmid-22377962 url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6102a1.htm?s_cid=ss6102a1_w&s_cid=cs_281 year: 2012 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-22518914.yaml identifier: pmid-22518914 journal_identifier: health-promotion-journal-australia journal_pages: 17-20 journal_vol: 22 notes: ~ title: 'Older persons and heat-susceptibility: the role of health promotion in a changing climate' uri: /article/pmid-22518914 url: http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/292/paper/HE11417.htm year: 2011 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-22694586.yaml identifier: pmid-22694586 journal_identifier: msmr-medical-surveillance-monthly-report journal_pages: 2-5 journal_vol: 19 notes: ~ title: 'Deaths while on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces, 1990-2011' uri: /article/pmid-22694586 url: http://www.afhsc.mil/documents/pubs/msmrs/2012/v19_n05.pdf#Page=2 year: 2012 - description: "Problem/Condition: Cryptosporidiosis is a nationally notifiable gastrointestinal illness caused by extremely chlorine-tolerant protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium. Reporting Period: 2009-2010. System Description: Fifty state and two metropolitan public health agencies voluntarily report cases of cryptosporidiosis through CDC's National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Results: For 2009, 7,656 confirmed and probable cases of cryptosporidiosis (2.5 per 100,000 population) were reported; for 2010, 8,951 confirmed and probable cases (2.9 per 100,000 population) were reported. All jurisdictions reported cryptosporidiosis cases for 2009-2010, and the number of jurisdictions reporting >3.5 cases per 100,000 population was 18 for 2009 and 20 for 2010. Cases were most frequently reported in children aged 1-9 years, followed by adults aged 25-29 years. This is the first reporting period in which more cases of cryptosporidiosis were reported in females than in males. Peak onset of illness occurred during early summer through early fall; the sympton onset of cases in children aged 5-9 years peaked earlier than that of cases reported in adults aged 25-34 years. Interpretation: Transmission of Cryptosporidium occurs throughout the United States. Rate data from reporting jurisdictions should be compared with caution because individual jurisdictions have varying capacities to detect, investigate, and report cases. The symptom onset and age-specific peaks coincide with the summer recreational water season and might reflect increased use of communal swimming venues (e.g., swimming pools and interactive fountains) by young children who then transmit the parasite to other users and their caregivers. Public Health Action: Local, state, and federal public health agencies can use cryptosporidiosis surveillance data to characterize the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in the United States, establish public health priorities (e.g., research) to improve cryptosporidiosis prevention and control, and design and evaluate efforts (e.g., health communication and policy) to prevent and control the transmission of Cryptosporidium. " doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-22951493.yaml identifier: pmid-22951493 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report-surveillance-summaries journal_pages: 1-23 journal_vol: 61 notes: ~ title: 'Cryptosporidiosis Surveillance —United States, 2009–2010 and Giardiasis Surveillance —United States, 2009–2010' uri: /article/pmid-22951493 url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss6105.pdf year: 2012 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-2321630.yaml identifier: pmid-2321630 journal_identifier: american-journal-epidemiology journal_pages: 877-885 journal_vol: 131 notes: ~ title: 'Lyme disease in outdoor workers: Risk factors, preventive measures, and tick removal methods' uri: /article/pmid-2321630 url: ~ year: 1990 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-23594683.yaml identifier: pmid-23594683 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report journal_pages: 277-282 journal_vol: '62 ' notes: ~ title: 'Motor Vehicle Traffic-Related Pedestrian Deaths — United States, 2001–2010' uri: /article/pmid-23594683 url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6215a1.htm year: 2013 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-23698603.yaml identifier: pmid-23698603 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report journal_pages: 393-397 journal_vol: 62 notes: ~ title: 'Deaths associated with Hurricane Sandy - October-November 2012' uri: /article/pmid-23698603 url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6220a1.htm year: 2013 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-23739336.yaml identifier: pmid-23739336 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report journal_pages: 433-436 journal_vol: 62 notes: ~ title: 'Heat-related deaths after an extreme heat event — four states, 2012, and United States, 1999–2009' uri: /article/pmid-23739336 url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6222a1.htm?s_cid=mm6222a1_w year: 2012