--- - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-15926223.yaml identifier: pmid-15926223 journal_identifier: water-science-technology journal_pages: 53-59 journal_vol: 51 notes: ~ title: 'Climate change and effects on water quality: A first impression' uri: /article/pmid-15926223 url: ~ year: 2005 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-16424858.yaml identifier: pmid-16424858 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report journal_pages: 41-44 journal_vol: 55 notes: ~ title: 'Health concerns associated with mold in water-damaged homes after hurricanes Katrina and Rita -- New Orleans area, Louisiana, October 2005' uri: /article/pmid-16424858 url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5502a6.htm year: 2006 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-16469983.yaml identifier: pmid-16469983 journal_identifier: american-journal-clinical-nutrition journal_pages: 260-274 journal_vol: 83 notes: ~ title: 'Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: A meta-regression' uri: /article/pmid-16469983 url: http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/83/2/260 year: 2006 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-16543884.yaml identifier: pmid-16543884 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report journal_pages: 282-284 journal_vol: 55 notes: ~ title: 'Hypothermia-related deaths--United States, 1999-2002 and 2005' uri: /article/pmid-16543884 url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5510a5.htm year: 2006 - description: "Foodborne illnesses are a substantial health burden in the United States. The Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) of CDC's Emerging Infections Program collects data from 10 U.S. states regarding diseases caused by enteric pathogens transmitted commonly through food. FoodNet quantifies and monitors the incidence of these infections by conducting active, population-based surveillance for laboratory-confirmed illness. This report describes preliminary surveillance data for 2005 and compares them with baseline data from the period 1996-1998. Incidence of infections caused by Campylobacter, Listeria, Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157), Shigella, and Yersinia has declined, and Campylobacter and Listeria incidence are approaching levels targeted by national health objectives. However, most of those declines occurred before 2005, and Vibrio infections have increased, indicating that further measures are needed to prevent foodborne illness. " doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-16617286.yaml identifier: pmid-16617286 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report journal_pages: 392-395 journal_vol: 55 notes: ~ title: 'Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food--10 States, United States, 2005' uri: /article/pmid-16617286 url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5514a2.htm year: 2006 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-16679676.yaml identifier: pmid-16679676 journal_identifier: journal-postgraduate-medicine journal_pages: 121-125 journal_vol: 52 notes: ~ title: 'Understanding community psychosocial needs after disasters: Implications for mental health services' uri: /article/pmid-16679676 url: http://www.jpgmonline.com/article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=2006;volume=52;issue=2;spage=121;epage=125;aulast=Silove year: 2006 - description: 'PROBLEM/CONDITION: Since 1973, CDC has maintained a collaborative surveillance program for collection and periodic reporting of data on the occurrence and causes of foodborne-disease outbreaks (FBDOs) in the United States. REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: 1998-2002. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: The Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System reviews data on FBDOs, defined as the occurrence of two or more cases of a similar illness resulting from the ingestion of a common food. State and local public health departments have primary responsibility for identifying and investigating FBDOs. State, local, and territorial health departments use a standard form to report these outbreaks to CDC. In 1998, CDC implemented enhanced surveillance for FBDOs by increasing communication with state, local, and territorial health departments and revising the outbreak report form. Since 2001, reports of FBDOs are submitted through a web application on the Internet called the electronic Foodborne Outbreak Reporting System (eFORS). RESULTS: During 1998-2002, a total of 6,647 outbreaks of foodborne disease were reported (1,314 in 1998, 1,343 in 1999, 1,417 in 2000, 1,243 in 2001, and 1,330 in 2002). These outbreaks caused a reported 128,370 persons to become ill. Among 2,167 (33%) outbreaks for which the etiology was determined, bacterial pathogens caused the largest percentage of outbreaks (55%) and the largest percentage of cases (55%). Among bacterial pathogens, Salmonella serotype Enteritidis accounted for the largest number of outbreaks and outbreak-related cases; Listeria monocytogenes accounted for the majority of deaths of any pathogen. Viral pathogens, predominantly norovirus, caused 33% of outbreaks and 41% of cases; the proportion of outbreaks attributed to viral agents increased from 16% in 1998 to 42% in 2002. Chemical agents caused 10% of outbreaks and 2% of cases, and parasites caused 1% of outbreaks and 1% of cases. INTERPRETATION: Following implementation of measures to enhance outbreak surveillance, the annual number of FBDOs reported to CDC increased during this period compared with previous years. Viral pathogens accounted for an increased proportion of outbreaks each year during this reporting period and a higher proportion of outbreaks of known etiology during this reporting period than preceding reporting periods, probably reflecting the increased availability of improved viral diagnostic tests. S. Enteritidis continued to be a major cause of illness and L. monocytogenes was a major cause of death. In addition, multistate outbreaks caused by contaminated produce and outbreaks caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 remained prominent. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIONS: Methods to detect FBDOs are improving, and several changes to improve the ease and timeliness of reporting FBDO data have been implemented (e.g., a revised form to simplify FBDO reporting by state health departments and improved electronic reporting methods). State and local health departments continue to investigate and report FBDOs as part of efforts to better understand and define the epidemiology of foodborne disease in the United States. At the regional and national levels, surveillance data provide an indication of the etiologic agents, vehicles of transmission, and contributing factors associated with FBDOs and help direct public health actions to reduce illness and death caused by FBDOs. ' doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-17093388.yaml identifier: pmid-17093388 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report-surveillance-summaries journal_pages: 1-42 journal_vol: 55 notes: ~ title: 'Surveillance for foodborne-disease outbreaks--United States, 1998-2002' uri: /article/pmid-17093388 url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5510a1.htm?_cid=ss year: 2006 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-17195993.yaml identifier: pmid-17195993 journal_identifier: annals-agricultural-environmental-medicine journal_pages: 209-224 journal_vol: 2 notes: ~ title: 'Quercus pollen season dynamics in the Iberian peninsula: Response to meteorological parameters and possible consequences of climate change' uri: /article/pmid-17195993 url: 'http://www.uco.es/aerobiologia/publicaciones/modelling/climate_change/Quercus_AAEM_def.pdf ' year: 2006 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-17390594.yaml identifier: pmid-17390594 journal_identifier: american-family-physician journal_pages: 841-846 journal_vol: 75 notes: ~ title: 'Disaster-related physical and mental health: A role for the family physician' uri: /article/pmid-17390594 url: http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0315/p841.pdf year: 2007 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-17827363.yaml identifier: pmid-17827363 journal_identifier: american-journal-tropical-medicine-hygiene journal_pages: 478-484 journal_vol: 77 notes: ~ title: 'Combined sewage overflows (CSO) are major urban breeding sites for Culex quinquefasciatus in Atlanta, Georgia' uri: /article/pmid-17827363 url: 'http://www.ajtmh.org/content/77/3/478.long ' year: 2007 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-18072911.yaml identifier: pmid-18072911 journal_identifier: medical-journal-australia journal_pages: 662-665 journal_vol: 187 notes: ~ title: Morbidity and mortality during heatwaves in metropolitan Adelaide uri: /article/pmid-18072911 url: https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2007/187/11/morbidity-and-mortality-during-heatwaves-metropolitan-adelaide year: 2007 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-18082016.yaml identifier: pmid-18082016 journal_identifier: preventing-chronic-disease-public-health-research journal_pages: A27 journal_vol: 5 notes: ~ title: Disaster preparedness and the chronic disease needs of vulnerable older adults uri: /article/pmid-18082016 url: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd//issues/2008/jan/07_0135.htm year: 2008 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-18337327.yaml identifier: pmid-18337327 journal_identifier: american-journal-tropical-medicine-hygiene journal_pages: 364-369 journal_vol: 78 notes: ~ title: 'Epidemic dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever at the Texas–Mexico border: Results of a household-based seroepidemiologic survey, December 2005' uri: /article/pmid-18337327 url: http://www.ajtmh.org/content/78/3/364.full.pdf+html year: 2008 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-18385369.yaml identifier: pmid-18385369 journal_identifier: american-journal-tropical-medicine-hygiene journal_pages: 681-686 journal_vol: 78 notes: ~ title: 'Limited interdecadal variation in mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) and avian host competence for Western equine encephalomyelitis virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus)' uri: /article/pmid-18385369 url: http://www.ajtmh.org/content/78/4/681.full.pdf+html year: 2008 - description: 'The human health risk associated with the consumption of molluscan shellfish grown in sewage-contaminated waters is well established. Noroviruses, which cause gastroenteritis, are the principal agents of shellfish-related illness. Fecal-indicator quality standards based on Escherichia coli are well established in Europe and elsewhere. However, norovirus outbreaks after consumption of shellfish meeting these standards still occur, and the need to improve consumer health protection is well recognized. Alternative approaches proposed include direct monitoring of viral pathogens and the use of alternative indicator organisms capable of providing a better indication of virus risk. This study applies a recently developed TaqMan PCR assay to assess norovirus contamination in shellfish. Comparison was made with E. coli as the existing sanitary standard and a male-specific RNA bacteriophage as a possible alternative. Two commercial pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) harvesting areas were monitored over a 31-month period. The results show peaks of norovirus contamination in both areas during winter months, with average levels approximately 17 times higher in oysters sampled October to March than during the remainder of the year, consistent with epidemiological data for the United Kingdom showing oyster-associated illness is confined to winter months. While there was no apparent association with E. coli, an association between levels of norovirus contamination and the male-specific RNA bacteriophage was noted, with average norovirus levels over 40 times higher in samples with male-specific RNA bacteriophage counts of >1,000 PFU/100 g than in samples with <100 PFU/100 g. Overall, these results suggest that norovirus monitoring in shellfish production areas could be an effective strategy for reduction of virus risk ' doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-18680943.yaml identifier: pmid-18680943 journal_identifier: journal-food-protection journal_pages: 1427-1433 journal_vol: 7 notes: ~ title: 'Determination of norovirus contamination in oysters from two commercial harvesting areas over an extended period, using semiquantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR' uri: /article/pmid-18680943 url: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iafp/jfp/2008/00000071/00000007/art00016?token=004a1474275839412f415d765525247b492b6d2a38385e253048296a7c2849266d656c9948 year: 2008 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-18702570.yaml identifier: pmid-18702570 journal_identifier: rural-remote-health journal_pages: 950 journal_vol: 8 notes: ~ title: 'Control, uncertainty, and expectations for the future: a qualitative study of the impact of drought on a rural Australian community' uri: /article/pmid-18702570 url: http://www.rrh.org.au/articles/subviewnew.asp?ArticleID=950 year: 2008 - description: 'Problem/Condition: Since 1971, CDC, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists have collaboratively maintained the Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System for collecting and reporting data related to waterborne-disease outbreaks (WBDOs) associated with drinking water. In 1978, WBDOs associated with recreational water (natural and treated water) were added. This system is the primary source of data regarding the scope and effects of disease associated with recreational water in the United States. In addition, data are collected on individual cases of recreational water-associated illnesses and infections and health events occurring at aquatic facilities but not directly related to water exposure. Reporting Period: Data presented summarize WBDOs and case reports associated with recreational water use that occurred during January 2005--December 2006 and previously unreported disease reports and outbreaks during 1978--2004. Description of the System: Public health departments in the states, territories, localities, and the Freely Associated States (i.e., the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Republic of Palau, formerly parts of the U.S.-administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) have primary responsibility for detecting, investigating, and voluntarily reporting WBDOs to CDC. Although the surveillance system includes data for WBDOs and cases associated with drinking water, recreational water, and water not intended for drinking, only cases and outbreaks associated with recreational water and health events at aquatic facilities are summarized in this report. Results: During 2005--2006, a total of 78 WBDOs associated with recreational water were reported by 31 states. Illness occurred in 4,412 persons, resulting in 116 hospitalizations and five deaths. The median outbreak size was 13 persons (range: 2--2,307 persons). Of the 78 WBDOs, 48 (61.5%) were outbreaks of gastroenteritis that resulted from infectious agents or chemicals; 11 (14.1%) were outbreaks of acute respiratory illness; and 11 (14.1%) were outbreaks of dermatitis or other skin conditions. The remaining eight were outbreaks of leptospirosis (n = two), primary amebic meningoencephalitis (n = one), and mixed or other illnesses (n = five). WBDOs associated with gastroenteritis resulted in 4,015 (91.0%) of 4,412 illnesses. Fifty-eight (74.4%) WBDOs occurred at treated water venues, resulting in 4,167 (94.4%) cases of illness. The etiologic agent was confirmed in 62 (79.5%) of the 78 WBDOs, suspected in 12 (15.4%), and unidentified in four (5.1%). Thirty-four (43.6%) WBDOs had a parasitic etiology; 22 (28.2%), bacterial; four (5.1%), viral; and two (2.6%), chemical or toxin. Among the 48 gastroenteritis outbreaks, Cryptosporidium was confirmed as the causal agent in 31 (64.6%), and all except two of these outbreaks occurred in treated water venues where Cryptosporidium caused 82.9% (29/35) of the gastroenteritis outbreaks. Case reports associated with recreational water exposure that were discussed and analyzed separately from outbreaks include three fatal Naegleria cases and 189 Vibrio illnesses reported to the Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance System. For Vibrio reporting, the most commonly reported species were Vibrio vulnificus, V. alginolyticus, and V. parahaemolyticus. V. vulnificus illnesses associated with recreational water exposure had the highest Vibrio illness hospitalization (77.6%) and mortality (22.4%) rates. In addition, 32 aquatic facility-related health events not associated with recreational water use (e.g., pool chemical mixing accidents) that occurred during 1983--2006 were received from New York. These events, which caused illness in 364 persons, are included in this report but analyzed separately. Interpretations: The number of WBDOs summarized in this report and the trends in recreational water-associated disease and outbreaks demonstrate a substantial increase in number of reports from previous years. Outbreaks, especially the largest ones, occurred more frequently in the summer at treated water venues and caused gastrointestinal illness. Deficiencies leading to WBDOs included problems with water-quality, venue design, usage, and maintenance. Case reports of illness associated with recreational water use expand our understanding of the scope of waterborne illness by further underscoring the contribution of less well-recognized swimming venues (e.g., oceans) and illness (e.g., nongastrointestinal illness). Aquatic facilities are also a focus for injuries involving chemicals or equipment used routinely in the operation of swimming venues, thus illustrating the lack of training of some aquatics staff. Public Health Actions: CDC uses WBDO surveillance data to 1) identify the etiologic agents, types of aquatic venues, water-treatment systems, and deficiencies associated with outbreaks and case reports; 2) evaluate the adequacy of efforts (i.e., regulations and public awareness activities) to provide safe recreational water; 3) expand the scope of understanding about waterborne disease and health events associated with swimming and aquatics facilities; and 4) establish public health prevention priorities, data, and messaging that might lead to improved regulations, guidelines, and prevention measures at the local, state, and federal levels. ' doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-18784642.yaml identifier: pmid-18784642 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report-surveillance-summaries journal_pages: 1-29 journal_vol: 57 notes: ~ title: 'Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water use and other aquatic facility-associated health events--United States, 2005-2006' uri: /article/pmid-18784642 url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmWR/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5709a1.htm year: 2008 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-18830214.yaml identifier: pmid-18830214 journal_identifier: morbidity-mortality-weekly-report-surveillance-summaries journal_pages: 1-9 journal_vol: 57 notes: ~ title: 'Surveillance for Lyme disease--United States, 1992-2006' uri: /article/pmid-18830214 url: http://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/PREVIEW/MMWRHTML/ss5710a1.htm year: 2008 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-19320378.yaml identifier: pmid-19320378 journal_identifier: public-health-reports journal_pages: 338-343 journal_vol: 124 notes: ~ title: 'Emergency preparedness for vulnerable populations: People with special health-care needs' uri: /article/pmid-19320378 url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2646456/pdf/phr124000338.pdf year: 2009 - description: ~ doi: ~ href: http://52.38.26.42:8080/article/pmid-19679724.yaml identifier: pmid-19679724 journal_identifier: biological-bulletin journal_pages: 73-85 journal_vol: 217 notes: ~ title: 'Linking thermal tolerances and biogeography: Mytilus edulis (l.) at its southern limit on the east coast of the United States' uri: /article/pmid-19679724 url: http://www.biolbull.org/content/217/1/73.full.pdf+html year: 2009